Design of a Low Voltage CMOS Transconductance Amplifier

fig of a Low emf CMOS Transconductance AmplifierThis project aims to illustrate the design and mannikin of a Low potentiality Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor (CMOS) Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) with an improved power consumption, steer Current (DC) assimilate and bandwidth. cardinal techniques were introduced for linearization Pseudo derivative Pairs and Source corruption under nano-scale engineering.The nonlinearity, which is caused by the short length effect due to the weakened size of transistor keep be reduced using linearization techniques, Two techniques were introduced for linearization Pseudo Differential Pairs and Source corruption, were both go under nano-scale CMOS technology.The proposed OTA requires a proper control system, where the common-mode control system has been designed for system st competentness .The results of this implementation are power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a size of (x) , number of transistors (x) . All the build was simulated using the Advances invent System ( ADS ) , under 130nm CMOS Technology.1.1 MotivationThe huge pace in technology and the growing demand of electronic devices makes the Integrated Circuit ( IC ) designers signify twice about pocket-sized power and low potential difference with the get by of the Threshold Voltage ( VT ) which doesnt scale down when compared to the power supply.Throughout the eld, calculative analog integrated ropes has been challenging, where the power supply is being reduced due to the demand of technology which requires to scale down the natural power.The Operational Transconductance Amplier (OTA) is recognized to be one of the most important basic mental synthesis blocks in analog ,mixed mode circuits, filters, including multipliers, potentiality control oscillators, and Very galactic Scale Integrations ( VLSI ) applications, where the VLSI technology is the process of creating ICs by combining several transistors into a single chip. In much(prenominal) applications the OTA is the key circuit to such design, OTA at the input of the block determines the efficiency of the boilers suit system, hence improving the consummation of the OTA block is critical for enhancing the overall module surgical process.Operational Transconductance Amplifier An OTA important train is to convert its input voltage to the desired railroad siding current i.e. in new(prenominal) words an OTA is a voltage controlled current source, where Gm is the Transconductance with a unit (Ampere/Volt).In real life circuits, harmonics are introduced, and nonlinearity should be taken into shape which caused by the short channel effect of the transistors, the expression of the output current with Taylor series expansion can be as comply where ai is determined by the implementation of the circuit.In order to r for each one out a proper OTA with the specifications mentioned, linear transformation factor should be utilise in the design to reduce harmonics, linearization methods have been developed through the years to solve the problem.1.2 ObjectivesThe main goal is to design a low voltage Transconductance CMOS amplifier which converts its input voltage to the desired output current with high linearity, which can be pass ond by linearization techniques, Pseudo Differential Pair and Source degeneration techniques.1.3 Realistic ConstraintsThe listed below are the main constraints that should be taken into consideration for the design 1.3.1. Economic ConstraintsThe student shall use the available simulation tools such as Advanced pattern System for simulation design, and Synopsys for layout .As for the design, the main goal is to reduce harmonic distortion, contact high linearity, and to be able to transform the input voltage to the required output current with token(prenominal) size. Since the size of the transistors determine the size of IC , and the size contri thates in the bell of the IC.The designed IC is being man ufactured in finesse laboratories. During the fabrication process, thousands of ICs are being etched onto a single blank wafer. after the testing process ,only percentages of the ICs are considered useable, and being distributed among electronic stores.1.3.2. Manufacturability and Sustainability ConstraintsThe designed circuit shall be worked across process and temperature corners for improved yield.1.3.3. Ethical and Safety Constraints certification should not have more than 30% similarity on Turnitin.1.3.4. calibrationAll technologies used in this project are 130 nm CMOS technology.1.4 jut out RequirementsThe design shall see to it the following requirementsThe design uses CMOS based technology.The total power consumption leave behind be little than 15mW.The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt.Bandwidth should be bigger than 50MHzDC gain should be larger than 20dB1.5 name AchievedThe goal of this project was achieved by designing a low voltage CMOS transconductance ampl ifier using linearization techniques with high linearity, low power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a cost of (x).1.6 trade union movement Distribution Work was done as a team but some work was distributed to ensure every member has their own task. This is shown in the table belowStageDetailsMarwaMarahRatebAllResearch edition papersSetting goalsDesign of Pseudo Differential PairDesignBuildDesign of Source DegenerationDesignBuildDesign the Common ModeDesignBuildConnectingThe circuitry( suggested OTA )DesignBuildLayoutDesignBuildauthenticationCh.1Ch.2Ch.3Ch.4Ch.5Table 1.1 division of labor1.7 OrganizationThe equilibrium of the documentation illustrates the design characteristics where it goes as followsSecond chapter discusses the background and literature criticism of different approaches related to the same design. Third chapter discloses in detail the overall design, including the explanation of each linearization techniques, as well as justifying the region of each transist or. Forth chapter demonstrates the results of the design. To end with, chapter Five conclude the design, along with the future work which can be implemented to improve the design.2.1 Transconductance Amplifier TopologiesThis project aims to design an Amplifier which able to convert its input voltage to the desired output current, with Pseudo Differential Pair and Source Degeneration as linearization techniquesVaries architectures had been developed through the erstwhile(prenominal) years to build the basic OTA blockTable 2.1 comparison among three different papersDesignDesign RequirementsReferring to chapter 1, the design shall meet the following requirementsThe design uses CMOS based technology.The total power consumption will be less than 15mW.The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt.Bandwidth should be larger than 50MHzDC gain should be larger than 20dBAnalysis of Requirements and Constraints In order to attain the design specifications mentioned in branch 3.1, the requirem ents and constraints are clarified belowAnalysis of Design RequirementsCMOS based technologyCMOS circuits components are becoming the most desired to be implemented in nowadays technology, due to its low power consumption. Furthermore, its high speed when compared to other used technology.Power ConsumptionSupply VoltageBandwidthDC gainAnalysis of Design ConstraintsEconomic ConstraintsManufacturability and Sustainability ConstraintsThe design should meet the proper run temperature and environmental corners. The circuit topologies have been implemented using an advanced simulation that can foresee the behavior of the circuit under such circumstances.For instance, a high power circuitry will increase its temperature, thus the degradation of the performance in time, but if the circuit surpass in supreme corner, it is evaluate to have a longer life time.Ethical and Safety ConstraintsDocumentation shouldnt exceed 30% similarity, citation should be considered along with stating proper re ferencingDesign ApproachesAccording to the cited papers in chapter 2 there are quaternion different architectures for the converter design. All of these architectures cant be used to achieve the requirements of this project. The developed design discussed in the next section has the opportunity to achieve the requirements