Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism Essay

Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism" gives a detailed information about feminism, environmentalism, and postmodernism. Postmodernism developed as a result of man’s rejection of ideas and practices of the modern era. Postmodernism is an attempt to change the way man formerly thought and used language. Feminism developed in three waves. The first ended in all women over the age of eighteen obtaining the right to vote. The second wave was a continuation of the struggles of the first as well as the awareness of the female’s personal life as absolutely joined to the politics of the day. The female viewed her life as a struggle in a male dominated source of political power. The woman as child bearer and homemaker was challenged at every corner during this wave. Hence this second wave was concerned with an end to discriminatory practices in society against women. The third wave denoted a response to the apparent failure of the initiatives of the second wav e. The third wave feminism adopted an ideology that is purported by postmodernism. Thus, the third wave usually focused on â€Å"micro politics†. These contemporary feminists advocate reconstruction of the entire society in order to bring about positive change. They incorporate postmodernism as well as post-structuralism into the feminism debates. Hence, they viewed language as the source of construction for sex and gender. As postmodernist in nature, contemporary feminist view the history of females’ discrimination as unimportant.

Chinas Take Over Of Hong Kong History Essay

Chinas Take Over Of Hong Kong History Essay The peoples of Republic of china took over Hong Kong in 1997.China had promised to keep a capitalist economy in Hong Kong for 50 years. Still, many Hong Kong business people (and their families) have migrated to other nation such as Canada and Australia. Discuss the impact of this situation on Chinas Political and Social environment. Introduction Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and maintains a high degree of autonomy except in matters of defense and foreign affairs. It has well-established institutions that support the rule of law and a vigorous civil society. The Basic Law, the SARs constitution, was approved by the PRC in 1990. It provides for the protection of fundamental rights and calls for progress toward universal suffrage and further democratization after a 10-year period, starting with Hong Kongs July 1, 1997, reversion to Chinese sovereignty. The Chief Executive is chosen by an 800-person selection committee composed of individuals who are either directly elected, indirectly elected, or appointed. The Chief Executive supervises a cabinet of principal officers whom he appoints. The power of the Legislative Council (legislature) is significantly circumscribed by the Basic Law. The legislature is composed of 24 directly elected members representing geographic districts, 30 indirectly elected members representing functional (occupational) constituencies, and 6 members elected indirectly by an election committee. It was the economic and social forces unleashed in 1979 in Chinas open door policy and Hong Kongs response to them that may ultimately determine their fate. Given the disparity in the level of economic development and the differences in the economic system between Hong Kong and the mainland, there are obvious benefits to greater integration and this entails making the border more permeable. Managing the permeability of the border has to become an integral part of all economic and social policies within Hong Kong as the two matters will have implications for each other. The period prior to 1949 was one where there was perfect permeability and standards of living were similar between Hong Kong and the mainland. The period between 1949 and 1979 was one where there was essentially no or very limited permeability and standards of living were therefore permitted to diverge between the mainland and Hong Kong. In both periods the government was able to pursue a laissez faire system without any fundamental inconsistency. This is no longer the case with the opening of China. Summary China Take over in a Hong Kong in 1997, there was a carnival atmosphere. In another, a somber rally and March followed by a candlelight vigil. Its clear that one year before China takes control; the people of Hong Kong are divided in their feelings. A period of more than 150 years of British colonial rule ends at midnight on June 30, 1997 when Hong Kong and its 6,000,000 people will be handed over to China. Despite a warning that they will not be allowed to enter China, seven elected Hong Kong officials vowed to go ahead with a trip to Beijing. They will be carrying a 50,000 signature petition protesting Chinas plans to replace the legislature with an appointed body. We are afraid that our free lifestyles, the rule of law, will not be preserved after 1997, pro democracy legislator Emily Lau told the cheering, clapping crowd. Governor Chris Patten urged Hong Kong residents to standup for their freedoms. . Nominal GDP, Per Capita GDP and Foreign exchange rates were all on the increasing side. Due to high exports between 1994-1997 and imports their trade balance has been at a surplus causing their nominal GDP to increase through out the years. Nominal GDP million US$ 1994 130,808, in 1995 139,238 and in 1997 173,045. From 1994-1997 Hong Kongs foreign currency reserves increased exponentially from $49.3 billion in 1994 to $92.8 billion in 1997. The reason for this increase is primarily due to a very well managed trade balance. The interest rate environment in Hong Kong provided an excellent backdrop for the equity markets. MIGRATION IN HONGKONG The peoples of Republic of china took over Hong Kong in 1997 and promised to keep a capitalist economy in Hong Kong for 50 years. However, many Hong Kong people have migrated to other countries. From 1984 to 1997, due to the uncertainty of the transition back to China, thousands of well-educated and wealthy Hong Kong citizens moved to countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they obtained permanent residency status or citizenship. 1 CAUSE OF MIGRATION .Difference in economy system in china and hong kong China is a communist country where socialist economy system holds while the people of hong kong followed capitalist economy . Fear in the stability of government People of Hong kong where worried regarding stability of government so they migrated to other nations. Competition in market Due to the implementation of capitalist economy in Hong kong many big and reputed companies headed towards hong kong and thus the competition of the market became tough. Thus it was very difficult for some business people to continue their business effectively. Corruption is a major problem:- Corruption in Chinese government was one of the major cause that people of hong kong was afraid of. They were not satisfied with the policy of Chinese government where corruption exists. Unsecure future The business people thought that their future was not secure as the government had implemented the law for only for 50 years and so it might happened that their next generation might have to struggle and face the socialist economy. The working class worried that 1997 might usher in chaos and the middle class fears the loss of property and freedom. Freedom of migration Hong Kong residents being free to move in and out of the territory, and they do not have to declare the purpose of their movements to the authorities. This freedom of movement, much valued by the local population, has been enshrined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration about the future of Hong Kong beyond 1997.There was no rule of giving any reasons for the migration to any authority PEST Analysis: . 1. POLITICAL ANALYSIS Prior to July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was a British dependent territory. A British-appointed governor, representing the British crown, headed the Hong Kong government and exercised authority over civil and military matters. An Executive Council advised the governor on all important matters and a 60-member Legislative Council (known as Legco) enacted laws and oversaw the budget. With the territorys transfer to China in 1997, leadership passed from the last British governor, Chris Patten, to a Chinese chief executive, Tung Chee-hwa A The British control of Hong Kong began in 1842, when China was forced to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain after the First Opium War. In 1984 Britain and China signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which stipulated that Hong Kong return to Chinese rule in 1997 as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China . China is in a state of transition now. Being a socialist country, it has carefully changed its political system in recent years, while dramatic changes have taken place in its economic system. In 1979, China started its open policy and economic reform. The Chinese government persisted on carrying out the political guideline of developing economy and enriching Chinese The Joint Declaration and a Chinese law called the Basic Law, which followed in 1990, provide for the SAR to operate with a high degree of economic autonomy for 50 years beyond 1997 B people. Legal System The governments efforts to promote rule of law are significant and ongoing. After the Cultural Revolution, Chinas leaders aimed to develop a legal system to restrain abuses of official authority and revolutionary excesses. In 1982, the National Peoples Congress adopted a new state constitution that emphasized the rule of law under which even party leaders are theoretically held accountable C. 2. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS Hong Kongs prosperous economy is reflected in the lifestyle of its people. They have one of the highest standards of living in all of Asia, and it is more than 30 times higher than Chinas average standard of living. In 2006 Hong Kongs per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was $27,679.20, although much of the wealth is concentrated into relatively few hands D. Foreign Investment Chinas investment climate has changed dramatically in a quarter-century of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. Foreign direct investment (FDI) grew quickly during the 1980s, but slowed in late 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. However, the Chinese Governments emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving Chinas services sectors underdeveloped. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world, receiving over $80 billion in 2007 according to the Chinese Ministry of Commerce E. FOREIGN RELATIONS Since its establishment, the Peoples Republic has worked vigorously to win international support for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. In the early 1970s, Beijing was recognized diplomatically by most world powers. Beijing assumed the China seat in the United Nations in 1971 and has since become increasingly active in multilateral organizations. Japan established diplomatic relations with China in 1972, and the United States did so in 1979. As of March 2008, the number of countries that had diplomatic relations with Beijing had risen to 171, while 23 maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan F. Hong Kongs greatest growth and development occurred after the Communist takeover of China in 1949, when the commercial and shipping functions of Guangzhou and Shanghai shifted to Hong Kong.. Hong Kong served as Chinas window to the world during the Chinese administration of Mao Zedong. After Maos death in 1976, Hong Kongs role as a banker to China, and as its supplier of information, technology, and capital, intensified G. The Impact of Chinas Entry into WTO on Car Industry China is successful in attracting foreign investment. of income tax. On the other hand, the Chinese car industry has been protected by special policies that limit foreign investment. According to the current Chinese policy on motor industry, Ford will establish a joint venture with 50% share with Chang An Automobile Company in Sichuan Province. Chang An Automobile Company is the 3rd largest car manufacturer in China, which has the experience of car-making for more than 20 years. 3. SOCIAL CULTURAL ANALYSIS China is a multinational country, with a population composed of a large number of ethnic and linguistic groups. The Han (Chinese), the largest group, outnumber the minority groups or minority nationalities in every province or autonomous region except Tibet and Xinjiang. The Han, therefore, form the great homogeneous mass of the Chinese people, sharing the same culture, the same traditions, and the same written language. For this reason, the general basis for classifying the countrys population is largely linguistic rather than ethnic. Some 55 minority groups are spread over approximately three-fifths of the countrys total area. Where these minority groups are found in large numbers, they have been given some semblance of autonomy and self-government; autonomous regions of several types have been established on the basis of the geographic distribution of nationalities. H Education is free and compulsory for all children from the age of 6 to 15, and adult literacy is over 90 percent.. The Hong Kong Academy of Performing Arts offers courses in dance, music, theater, and technical arts. There are also more than a dozen technical institutes, technical colleges, and teacher-training colleges, which have large numbers of part-time students I. RECOMMENDATIONS China has experienced a stable political system (which is considered totalitarian) with rapid economic growth for more than 10 years, but some political risks still exist. The Chinese government is still insisting on its communist and totalitarian policy, there is no guarantee that China will continue to its open policy and maintain the rapid GNP increase. China also has an unsatisfied human right record; corruption exists in some economical activities in China, all these will be obstacles to foreign investment. Although the legal system of China is adequate to protect foreign investment, the violation of laws by some local authorities will be a potential risk to our investment. Entry Time and procedure Although the car industry is declining in the US and Europe, it is still a suitable time for Ford Motor Company to invest in China. As the 2nd largest car manufacturer in the world, Ford had been waiting patiently to enter the Chinese Market for more than 20 year. Some other world-famous car manufacturers (such as Volkswagen, General Motor, Toyota, etc.) had already started their business years ago, but we do not consider that it is too late to enter the Chinese family car market. Ford has been producing its Transit van in China for many years. The productivity and sales are not as good as expected because of the high cost (price) and limited production. . CONCLUSION Its my first pleasure to do something special kind of project related to Business Environment. With the help of this project I able to learn few special things that was really fantastic and completely unknowing before completion of this project. This experience was really outstanding . This essay applies a historical-institution approach to assess the impact of this situation on Chinas legal and political institutions. In each case historical and institutional trends are described, and the effects of legality on these trends are examined. The topics include changes in economic structure and the rate of growth of GDP, formal legal institutions and legal behavior of the Chinese people, and the forces toward the development of democratic political institutions.

Love is Close at Hand: The Age of Innocence Essay -- The Age of Innoce

Love is Close at Hand: The Age of Innocence November 1998, written for FILM 220: Aspects of Criticism. This is a 24-week course for second-year students, examining methods of critical analysis, interpretation and evaluation. The final assignment was simply to write a 1000-word critical essay on a film seen in class during the final six-weeks of the course. Students were expected to draw on concepts they had studied over the length of the course. INSTRUCTOR'S COMMENT: Brilliantly observed and beautifully written. The Age of Innocence is a film about confinement, restraint, and stoicism. Characters drift from tea, to the opera, and home again. They attend lavish parties, and observe the rigidity of English decorum; marry, have children, and die. Emotion is mollified by these various diversions, and all of upper-class New York appears to be content being anaesthetized by the idle task of upholding wealth and reputation. Only Countess Ellen Olenska and Newland Archer, with their feverish love for one another, test the bounds of this suffocating social structure. Newland and Countess Olenska's love is in strong contrast with the emotional vacuity of their peers, and it is this very contrast upon which the pathos of their story hinges. The lovers relish the moments they manage to steal with one another, absconding to a remote log cabin or savoring a clandestine carriage ride. The film is permeated by this sort of foreplay, teasing the viewer from beginning to end with auspicious meetings between the two lovers. Each time, however, the promising moments are snuffed by the pressures of New York high-society. Conjugal constraints force Newland and Countess Olenska to repress their longings, and in the drudgery of everyday ... ...untess Olenska's hand slides off Newland's as she leaves the table, and disappears from his life. Newland is left with a sculpture of May's hands, petrified and cold, sitting in his study to forever remind him of the Countess's delicate touch, and the ostensibly shallow and frigid wife who denied him his happiness. Referred to as his family's "strong right hand", Newland's composure slips and shatters over the course of the film as he becomes increasingly obsessed with Countess Olenska and the allure of her forbidden touch. The camera plays close attention to hands, reinforcing the rigidity and frigid decorum that pervade the film, offering the notion of touch as an escape from the pedantic lifestyle of upper-class New York. Ultimately, the simplicity of hands becomes the essence of life, love, and happiness, in a film saturated with customs, pageantry and pomp.

Oakhills Faciities

TIMOTHY C WELLSOAK HILLS FACILITYOCTOBER 10, 2010 CASE STUDY WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC QUALITY PROBLEMS OAK HILLS IS FACING AND HOW WILL THEY INFLUENCE THE COMPANY'S ABILITY TO CONVERT TO A LEAN SYSTEM. a. In there batch flow system if there is a machine or suppler failure it increases customer lead times and reduces inefficiency. b. BlackDome, is often late on deliveries placed by E;E. This is due to rush orders being placed. There is a communication problem E;E and Oak Hills. Oak Hill has no information on new projects from E;E.They are used to an environment of lets place a rush order and this is a problem because this requires Oak Hills to have a lot of raw materials in inventory. There is no way for them to rush foreign odes due to stringent U. S. Paperwork. Also this will only work with US orders. For this to work they need better communication and need to make E;R responsible for there forecast of demand to reduce rush orders. WHAT CHANGES IN THE MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT NEED TO BE UNDERTAKEN TO CONVERT THE CURRENT SYSTM TO A LEAN SYSTEM? THINK ABOUT THIS FROM BOTH A SHORT TERM AND A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE. a.The communications must be improved. Employees do not know what is going on and this causes them to be upset about the stability of their positions. The constant rush orders is also an issue, because of the strain it puts on the employee. b. They need to reduce the inventory to free up space. Oak Hill must also plan to change their layout of their building to implement a lean strategy. HOW WILL THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A LEAN SYSTEM IMPACT EMPLOYEES, AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO SMOOTH THE TRANSITION? a. An improved lean system will allow employees to work together and get bonuses based on what the team produces.Right now employees run around like chickens with their heads cut off or are doing nothing. A lean system will improve production and allow it to flow better. Employees state of mind will also change, because there will be less stress in the workplace. AT WHAT STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPPLY CHAIN IS OAK HILLS AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE THE SUPPLY CHAIN? a. They need to do more work on researching what #;E is ordering to lessen the lead time of rush orders. The batch flow system does not work well. This is very little communication between the departments and this needs to change to improve the supply chain.Oak Hills is trying to go from a system of mass production to a custom-ed product. FOR OAK HILLS, WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND THE SUPPLY CHAIN? a. Restructuring the plant to a lean system will allow for more available span which could be used to introduce and line of products. I think that controlling the demand is the most important aspect of Oak Hills successful lean strategy. It will allow them to reduce their lead time and have no buildup of WIP inventory. The sensor boards were packed to prevent damage, but , because of the limited space on a few could be held in the area.With more space, Oak Hills can store more boards and be held in the area, making for a more efficient process,. WHAT SHOULD OAK HILLS DO? WHAT PROBLEMS MIGHT OCCUR IN IMPLEMENTING YOU RECOMMENDATIONS AND HOW CAN THES PROBLEMS BE AVOIDED OR NEUTRALIZED? a. I feel that they should implement the lean strategy. As I said above. This will improve efficiency and employee morale. I feel they will have a major issue in trying to implement this strategy with the foreign orders processing. Foreign orders are the bulk for Oak Hills, and I feel that there are to many constraints with the U. S. Paperwork.

Contract Act 1872

Legal Aspects Of Business – Indian Contracts Act 1872 Indian Contract Act 1872 is the main source of law regulating contracts in Indian law. CitationAct No. 9 of 1872 Enacted byParliament of India Date enacted25 April 1872 Date commenced1 September 1872 The law relating to contracts in India is contained in Indian Contract Act, 1872. The Act was passed by British India and is based on the principles of English Common Law. It is applicable to the All States of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It determines the circumstances in which promise made by the parties to a contract shall be legally binding on them.All of us enter into a number of contracts everyday knowingly or unknowingly. Each contract creates some right and duties upon the contracting parties. Indian contract deals with the enforcement of these rights and duties upon the parties in India. History The Indian Contract Act came into force on 1 September 1872. It Was Enacted Mainly With a View To ensure Reason able Fulfillment of Expectation Created By the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.The Third Law commission of British India formed in 1861 under the stewardship of chairman Sir John Romilly, with initial members as Sir Edward Ryan, R. Lowe, J. M. Macleod, Sir W. Erle (succeeded by Sir. W. M. James) and Justice Wills (succeeded by J. Henderson), had presented the report on contract law for India as Draft Contract Law (1866). The Draft Law was enacted as The Act 9 of 1872 on 25 April 1872 and the Indian Contract Act, 1872 came into force with effect from 1 September 1872. Before the enactment of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, there was no codified law for contract in India.In the Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta law relating to contract was dealt with the Charter granted in 1726 by King George I to the East India Company. Thereafter in 1781, in the Presidency Towns, Act of Settlement passed by the B ritish Government came into force. Act of Settlement required the Supreme Court of India that questions of inheritance and succession and all matters of contract and dealing between party and party should be determined in case of Hindu as per Hindu law and in case of Muslim as per Muslim law and when parties to a suit belonged to different persuasions, then the law of the defendant was to apply.In outside Presidency Towns matters with regard to contract was mainly dealt with English Contract Laws; the principle of justice, equity and good conscience was followed. Development The Act as enacted originally had 266 Sections, it had wide scope and included. General Principles of Law of Contract::::::::: 1 to 75 Contract relating to Sale of Goods::::::::::::76 to 129 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge:::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Contracts relating to Partnership::::::::::::239 to 266 Indian Contract Act embodied the simple and elementary rules rel ating to Sale of goods and partnership. The developments of modern business world found the provisions contained in the Indian Contract Act inadequate to deal with the new regulations or give effect to the new principles. Subsequently the provisions relating to the sale of goods and partnership contained in the Indian Contract Act were repealed respectively in the year 1930 and 1932 and new enactments namely Sale of Goods and Movables Act 1930 and Indian Partnership act 1932 were re-enacted. At present the Indian Contract Act includes:General Principles of Law of Contract:::::: 1 to 75 Special kinds of Contracts (includes indemnity, guarantee, bailment & pledge::::::::::::::::::::::::::125 to 238 Definition Section 2(h) of the Act defines the term contract as â€Å"any agreement enforceable by law†. There are two essentials of this act, agreement and enforceability. Section 2(e) defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other. † Again Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent there to, the proposal is aid to be accepted. Proposal when accepted, becomes a promise. † And other words Say Agreement is Sum of all contract are agreement, but all agreement are not contract.. ?CONTRACT=AGREEMENT+ENFORCEABLE BY LAW( LAW) Essential Elements of a Valid Contract According to Section 10, â€Å"All agreements are contracts, if they are made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly to be void. † Essential Elements of a Valid Contract are: 1.Proper offer and proper acceptance. there must be an agreement based on a lawful offer made by person to another and lawful acceptance of that offer made by the latter. section 3 to 9 of the contract act, 1872 lay down the rules for making valid acceptance 2. Lawful consideration: An agr eement to form a valid contract should be supported by consideration. Consideration means â€Å"something in return† (quid pro quo). It can be cash, kind, an act or abstinence. It can be past, present or future. However, consideration should be real and lawful. 3.Competent to contract or capacity: In order to make a valid contract the parties to it must be competent to be contracted. According to section 11 of the Contract Act, a person is considered to be competent to contract if he satisfies the following criterion: The person has reached the age of maturity. The person is of sound mind. The person is not disqualified from contracting by any law. 4. Free Consent: To constitute a valid contract there must be free and genuine consent of the parties to the contract. It should not be obtained by misrepresentation, fraud, coercion, undue influence or mistake. . Lawful Object and Agreement: The object of the agreement must not be illegal or unlawful. 6. Agreement not declared voi d or illegal: Agreements which have been expressly declared void or illegal by law are not enforceable at law; hence they do not constitute a valid contract. 7. Intention To Create Legal Relationships:- when the two parties enter in to an agreement,there must be intention to create a legal relationship between them †¦ if there is no such intention on the part of the parties .. there is no contract between them .. greements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relationship;as such they are not contracts. 8. Certainty, Possibility Of Performance 9. Legal Formalities 10. By surety Types of contracts On the basis of validity: 1. Valid contract: An agreement which has all the essential elements of a contract is called a valid contract. A valid contract can be enforced by law. 2. Void contract[Section 2(g)]: A void contract is a contract which ceases to be enforceable by law. A contract when originally entered into may be valid and binding on the parties. It may su bsequently become void. There are many judgments which have stated that where any crime has been converted into a â€Å"Source of Profit† or if any act to be done under any contract is opposed to â€Å"Public Policy† under any contract—than that contract itself cannot be enforced under the law- 3. Voidable contract[Section 2(i)]: An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of other or others, is a voidable contract. If the essential element of free consent is missing in a contract, the law confers right on the aggrieved party either to reject the contract or to accept it.However, the contract continues to be good and enforceable unless it is repudiated by the aggrieved party. 4. Illegal contract: A contract is illegal if it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to a person or proper ty of another, or court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy. These agreements are punishable by law. These are void-ab-initio. â€Å"All illegal agreements are void agreements but all void agreements are not illegal. † 5.Unenforceable contract: Where a contract is good in substance but because of some technical defect cannot be enforced by law is called unenforceable contract. These contracts are neither void nor voidable. On the basis of formation: 1. Express contract: Where the terms of the contract are expressly agreed upon in words (written or spoken) at the time of formation, the contract is said to be express contract. 2. Implied contract: An implied contract is one which is inferred from the acts or conduct of the parties or from the circumstances of the cases.Where a proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, promise is said to be implied. 3. Quasi contract: A quasi contract is created by law. Thus, quasi contracts are strictly not contracts as there is no intention of parties to enter into a contract. It is legal obligation which is imposed on a party who is required to perform it. A quasi contract is based on the principle that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself at the expense of another. On the basis of performance: 1. Executed contract: An executed contract is one in which both the parties have performed their respective obligation. . Executory contract: An executory contract is one where one or both the parties to the contract have still to perform their obligations in future. Thus, a contract which is partially performed or wholly unperformed is termed as executory contract. 3. Unilateral contract: A unilateral contract is one in which only one party has to perform his obligation at the time of the formation of the contract, the other party having fulfilled his obligation at the time of the contract or before the contract comes into existence. 4.Bilateral contract: A bilateral contract is one in whic h the obligation on both the parties to the contract is outstanding at the time of the formation of the contract. Bilateral contracts are also known as contracts with executory consideration. Offer Proposal is defined under section 2(a) of the Indian contract Act, 1872 as â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything with a view to obtain the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal/offer†. Thus, for a valid offer,the party making it must express his willingness to do or not to do something.But mere expression of willingness does not constitute an offer. An offer should be made to obtain the assent of the other. The offer should be communicated to the offeree and it should not contain a term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. Classification of Offer 1. General Offer: Which is made to public in general. 2. Special Offer: Which is made to a definite person. 3. Cross Of fer: Exchange of identical offer in ignorance of each other. 4. Counter Offer: Modification and Variation of Original offer. 5. Standing, Open or Continuing Offer: Which is open for a specific period of time.The offer must be distinguished from an invitation to offer. Invitation to offer â€Å"An invitation to offer† is only a circulation of an invitation to make an offer, it is an attempt to induce offers and precedes a definite offer. Acceptance of an invitation to an offer does not result in formation of a contract and only an offer emerges in the process of negotiation. A statement made by a person who does not intend to bound by it but, intends to further act, is an invitation to offer. Acceptance According to Section 2(b), â€Å"When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Rules: 1. Acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. 2. Communicated to offeror. 3. Acceptance must be in the mode prescribed. 4. Acceptance must be given within a reasonable time before the offer lapses. 5. Acceptance by the way of conduct. 6. Mere silence is no acceptance. Silence does not per-se amounts to communication- Bank of India Ltd. Vs. Rustom Cowasjee- AIR 1955 Bom. 419 at P. 430; 57 Bom. L. R. 850- Mere silence cannot amount to any assent. It does not even amount to any representation on which any plea of estoppel may be founded, unless there is a duty to make some statement or to do some act 7. ffree and offerer must be consent Lawful consideration According to Section 2(d), Consideration is defined as: â€Å"When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain something, such an act or abstinence or promise is called consideration for the promise. â€Å"Consideration† means to do something in return. In short, Consideration means quid pro quo i. e. something in return. An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless and until it is: forbidden by law, or s of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law, or is fraudulent, or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another, or the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. consideration may take in any form-money,goods, services, a promise to marry, a promise to forbear etc. Contract Opposed to Public Policy can be Repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not-Newar Marble Industries Pvt.Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L. J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj. ]- Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void- – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object o f the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offence under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself.This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company. Competent to contract Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided: 1. He should not be a minor i. e. an individual who has not attained the age of majority i. e. 18 years. 2. He should be of sound mind while making a contract. A person with unsound mind cannot make a contract. 3. He is not a person who has been personally disqualified by law. 4. not pardanashin women.Free Consent According to Section 14, † two or more persons are said to be consented when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (Consensus-ad-idem). A consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. Elements Vitiating free Consent 1. Coercion (Section 15): â€Å"Coercion† is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. . Undue influence (Section 16): â€Å"Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other. † 3.Fraud (Section 17): â€Å"Fraud† means and includes any act or concealment o f material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. 4. Misrepresentation (Section 18): † causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement†. 5.Mistake of fact (Section 20): â€Å"Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void†. Performance Of Contracts The promise under a contract can be performed, as the circumstances may permit, by the promisor himself, or by his agent or his legal representative. 1. Promisor himself: â€Å"The contracts which involve the exercise of personal skill must be performed by the promisor himself. 2. Agent: â€Å"Where personal skill is not required, the promisor may appoint his agent to perf orm it. . Representatives: â€Å"On the death of the promisor, the legal heirs of the promisor must perform the contract unless a contrary intention appears in the contract. (section 37) 4. Third persons: â€Å"When a promisee accepts performance from a third person, he cannot afterwards enforce it against promisor†. 5. Joint promisors: â€Å"When two or more persons have made a joint promise, all such persons must jointly fulfil the promise, unless a contrary intention appears from it†. AgencyIn law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act for him, e. g. to do his work, to sell his goods, to manage his business. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-a-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a two fold relationship.On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc. ). Under section 201 to 210 an agency may come to an end in a variety of ways: (i) By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.Such Agency is coupled with interest. An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, e. g. , where the goods are consigned by an upcountry constituent to a commission agent for sale, with poor to recoup himself from the sale proceeds, the advances made by him to the principal against the security of the goods; in such a case, the principal cannot revoke the agent’s authority till the goods are actually sold, nor is the agency terminated by death or insanity. Illustrations to section 201) (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency; (iii) By the business of agency being completed; (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agent’s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill con tinuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). When an agent’s authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of subagent also. (Section 210)

Homework Set 10 Essays

Homework Set 10 Essays Homework Set 10 Essay Homework Set 10 Essay Sherisse’ Woodley C. Williams Macroeconomics 23 July 2013 Homework Set 10 1. List the four categories of unemployment. * Fictional * Structural * Cyclical * Seasonal 2. What measurement tool constructed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics is used to measure changes in the level of prices of goods and services? Consumer Price Index (CPI) 3. Who would benefit from unanticipated inflation –lenders or borrowers? Why? Who would benefits from anticipated inflation –lenders, borrowers, or neither? Why? Lenders will benefit from unanticipated inflation because they can rise interest and make more money.Bowers will benefit from anticipated inflation because they had time to plan. 4. If there were 1. 5 million unemployed persons in Canada with 15. 5 million employed and a population of 20 million, what would the unemployment rate equal? What would the labor force participation rate equal? 8. 82% 85% 5. In 2000, a price index for medical care in the United States increased from 254 to 265. Based on these figures, compute the rate of inflation or percentage increase in prices for this industry. How does this price change compare to that across the economy that year? 6.If the nominal interest on my mortgage is 3. 0 percent and the expected rate of inflation for next year is 0. 5 percent, what real interest rate will my mortgage lender earn? 2. 5% 7. Holding everything else constant, if the government were to decrease welfare, unemployment, and Social Security disability payments, how would this action change the labor force participation rate? How would it change the unemployment rate? What would be the immediate impact of this action on the level of income inequ ality? In the short term, would this action likely cause an increase or decrease in the urban crime rate?The labor force rate should increase. However, if there are not jobs/employment to replace the loss of benefits the rate will not increase. Unemployment rate should go down, however these individuals must be able to receive enough income to alleviate the loss of benefits and monetary resourced that were being received. Income equality will not change drastically at the onset. The individuals will still live in th same area and be receiving the same or less depending on the education level or their ability to acquire additional skill or trades.The increase in crime will go up at the onset because there will be individuals without employment and benefits to sustain their children and families. 8. Assume that at some point in your life, you will maintain several bank accounts including a checking account and a money market account. You might pay a fee of $100 each year for your bank to sweep funds to and from your checking account depending on the balances. At the same time, you might have a job that provides for an increase in your salary based on changes in the rate of inflation.In this situation, does a loss in purchasing power represent a cost of inflation? Why or why not? Do your banking fees represent a cost of inflation? Why or why not? 9. Assume that you loaned me $1,000 at a very generous nominal interest rate of 3 percent to be paid back in one year. There is a sudden upturn in the economy, however, and inflation increases to 5 percent next year. As a result, when I repay you the $1,000 plus your $30 interest, has your purchasing power increased or decreased as a result of this loan and the interest that you received? What would your real rate of return equal?Based on your answers to the previous two questions and with the benefit of hindsight, what is the lowest nominal interest that you would be willing to accept in this situation? Decreased. Willi ng to accept 4 lowest interest rate. 10. If GDP and the rate of inflation increased and the unemployment rate decreased, what phase of the business cycle would we assume the economy is in? Recession Answer Key Below are the correct answers to the mod 2 hw set for you to compare to your own: 1. The four categories of unemployment are frictional, structural, seasonal, and cyclical. . The consumer price index (CPI) is the measurement tool used to measure changes in price levels. 3. Borrowers would benefit from unanticipated inflation because the nominal interest rates for their loans would be too low to account for the actual level of inflation. As a result the real interest rate that borrowers would be forced to pay would decrease. No one would benefit from anticipated inflation because both lenders and borrowers could agree to a nominal interest rate that would account for the level of inflation. 4. The unemployment rate would be 8. % and the labor force participation rate would be 8 5%. 5. The rate of inflation in the medical industry was 4. 3% in the year 2000. In comparison, the rate of inflation across the economy was 3. 4%. 6. The real interest rate will be 3. 4%. 7. Cutbacks in these programs would cause an increase in the labor force participation rate and a decrease in the unemployment rate. However, such cutbacks would cause an increase in the level of income inequality. It is also likely that these actions would cause an increase in the crime rate. 8.In this situation, you would not incur a loss in purchasing power because your salary automatically increased as a result of inflation. The banking fees that you paid would represent a cost of inflation since you are using your resources to protect against the effects of inflation. 9. Your purchasing power would have decreased based on nominal interest of only 3. 0%. Your real rate of return would have been –2. 0%. With the benefit of hindsight you would require a nominal interest rate greater than 3. 0%. 10. We would assume that the economy is in an expansion.

Intellectual Hegemony of our times †Economics Paper

Intellectual Hegemony of our times – Economics Paper Free Online Research Papers Intellectual Hegemony of our times Economics Paper Now, this is not a conspiracy theory. I am not trying to suggest that the Big Brother is watching and observing, as well as sculpting and forming your thinking. I do not advice you to construct armadillo helmets (to avoid the government from reading your thoughts), to remove all the fillings from your teeth (to prevent the secret radio messages directed to your brain at night), or even to go and seek for the Truth (which is Out There). What I am asking you to do however is that you think. As simple as that it is. After reading this essay you should be able to decide, whether you want to be intellectual in the traditional way or in the organic way. What do you think will be the answer? Is traditional a swear word to you (†¦too)? As you would have guessed, to be able to understand present in terms of past theories, getting familiar with them is the first obvious step. Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) is one of the most influential structuralists of the twentieth century, and I think it is interesting to see if his theories apply, since structuralism is not exactly that popular at the moment. Gramsci lived in a time of conflicts among nations and classes, just before the boiling point was reached and the First World War set off. Amongst else, he proposed that the dominant class in the society maintains its position through two different ways: coercion and consent. Coercion would be the obvious mechanism that applies economic and political power directly to keep the subordinate class in line. However, while coercion is a powerful tool, Gramsci suggests that ideas are even more powerful since they allow the rule of masses by their own consent. This willingly accepted oppression (what a dream for a suppresser!) Gramsci names as intellectual hegemony. The idea behind the phrase is that â€Å"the dominant class produces and promulgates an ideology or worldview that supports and legitimizes its interests. These ideas permeate society through education and the communications media. Once the subordinate class accepts this worldview whether intentionally or by osmosis, its thoughts and actions are brought into line with the interests of the dominant class.† When this happens, the use of force is no longer necessary as the very idea of opposing to the dominant class is against the society’s behavioural norms, and if one opposes the dominant class one opposes the whole society. When Gramsci was forming his theory, considering the times he was living in he probably had propaganda in mind. Propaganda has been used throughout the times as a tool by the government (or the ruling class) to ensure the obedience of the masses. Nowadays propaganda is viewed as a negative influence and it is condemned as a tool for underdeveloped systems. In a world of free market economy any attempts of trying to influence on what people are doing are widely condemned, and also with the internet age as the information has become so much more available, it is not even possible to try to feed people’s minds with one-sided messages while ignoring the other aspects. Or is it? Propaganda is no longer directly used by the governments in most Westernised nations. However, the whole of the Westernised world (and even quite a few of the non-Western countries) share the same belief in the liberal free-market economy and everything that goes with it. Is it simply because the messages are so appealing that a majority of us seem to agree on the idea of global trade? Well certainly the idea that for example everybody is free and has access to all the opportunities in the world is appealing but it really does not seem that logical when you come to think about it. There will always be limits (no matter what the Americans say) in the form of legality, borders, social norms, morals, etc the list goes on. So how is it that we are all so very absorbed in thinking alike? According to Gramsci’s definition of the Intellectual hegemony, there is a â€Å"prominent class† out there who creates an ideology that becomes acceptable to a big audience. This worldview is supported by education and media, and is spread through the whole society creating behavioural and thinking norms that are acceptable, no matter how weighted the perspective might be. Somehow this sounds familiar. If majority of people are accepting the theory of global trade, international mega-companies, and immensely uneven distribution of assets as a good thing for themselves as individuals, it kind of sounds like we are all somehow at some point been assured that this is the â€Å"right† approach. George Orwell (1903-1950) was the first to bring up the idea of the all-seeing â€Å"Big Brother† in his book â€Å"Nineteen Eightly-Four† (Secker and Warburg, 1949) where Big Brother was on the top of the social pyramid that describes the value of population within the world the book’s happenings take place in. The idea of the Big Brother is very similar to the idea of Gramsci’s prominent class – it is on top, watching, and controlling.. Information is only distributed to lower classes (that are the majority of population) through top-led and top-designed education and media. Naturally today this extremity does not exist but there still is an apparent consensus of thought among big masses. So is there a â€Å"Big Brother† out there who has access to education as well as media, and who is able to dominate the thoughts of billions? Let us have a look now at the forces that could be nominated as potential Big Brothers in our time. The usual suspects covered in this discussion are The Media, The Tycoon, The Government, and The Hybrid. The Media Most of the daily newspapers in Finland have the same headlines. One could argue that same things happen around the world, so it is not possible for papers to differentiate since the same bombing/attack/kidnapping is happening and interesting to the public no matter what. Well, actually it is the editor who decides what is interesting, and he bases on his ideas on what people in general are interested in a.k.a. what they are already thinking. The viewpoints and selections of the stories also are pretty much the same all over our media here, e.g. the bombing in Kkkrjrvi getting full coverage and the mass murder in Pakistan a paragraph. Or the Finnish prime minister’s new girlfriend getting four pages, while the new watering system of the whole of Kenya gets a four-liner. As you would expect I took these examples into extreme, but really when you start to think about any country and/or are like Europe, apart from local differences are there really not that much diversification w ithin the most popular Medias. Thus, intentionally or unintentionally, the media coverage actually is quite one-sided the reason being that a media that brings other types of ideas is not commercially profitable. This brings us to the next suspects who are the big shots in business. The Tycoons Profitability rules the world. Businesses run on profit and businesses need to make more profit to be able to grow and keep their profitableness profitable. Business tycoons prefer free market trade, free selling of goods, and especially free consuming of any good. Tycoons own companies, and Media companies are also companies owned by tycoons that are in the Media business to create profit. The editor chooses the stories to the papers according to the company’s business idea as well as any employee of any company would comply with the basic principles that dictate their job function. The current trends in the environment also reflect on and systems and the revision and altering of these education plans is done by the governments. The Government According to our trusted friend the Wikipedia, â€Å"Soft power is a term used in international relations theory to describe the ability of a political body, such as a state, to indirectly influence the behaviour or interests of other political bodies through cultural or ideological means.† Making people want what you want is very cost-effective, efficient and influential in the long-term. From training point of view it is easiest to start from early on, and that is where education kicks in. Education is existing for the purpose of raising functional citizens that can work for businesses, create own businesses or work for the government. The other function of education is to try to broaden the views of citizens and encourage to individual thinking. Which side is dominant and which side guides which one is unclear, but education and government power are interrelated. The Hybrid The hybrid combines the two last subjects. There are countless of examples on how business and government co-operate but for this essay I will use an example from the US to illustrate one of them. In the messy elections of 2000 the television news channel Fox was the first network to call Florida for Bush. Before that, some other networks had called Florida for Gore, and they changed after Fox called it for Bush. As it appears, Fox was in a way functioning as an opinion leader in a race that still is not clear if it was totally legal. And who was there in charge of the decision desk at Fox on election night? Bush’s first cousin, John Ellis. In other words one of the main channels in one of the biggest countries in the world was promoting bias or non-legitimate information and that decision was administered by a strong connection to the government and viewed (as truth?) by millions thus creating intellectual hegemony in a hegemony. With everything you have read in mind, consider the following: â€Å"Structural tensions†, according to Gramsci, â€Å"are not limited to the areas of international trade and finance. Rather they are built into our daily lives through the forces that condition what we think and don’t think about the societies in which we live.† So, is something going on? There are definitely some attempts to influence but whether it is only the human mind willing others around it to agree by nature, or a systematic attempt to manipulate, still remains as an issue. In Gramsci’s view of the intellectual hegemony, the key players are traditional intellectuals and organic intellectuals. Organic intellectuals are the ones who are brought up within the system and their actions and ideas are infused with the ideology of the prominent class. Organic intellectuals reinforce the state of intellectual hegemony without even realising that they are doing so. â€Å"Their ideas expressed in songs, newspapers cartoons and editorials, political slogans, and coffee shop debates, are a strong medium of social organisation because they legitimise the dominant class and their beliefs.† These guys are opposed by the traditional intellectuals who think for themselves, question, and formulate their own opinions outside the conventional boundaries. What do you think? Is commercialising the Big Brother -idea to a multinational TV-format an attempt to distract the masses from seeing what is really going by putting it right in front of their noses or just harmless entertainment in the form of a reality TV-show? As an objective researcher I would say that it is a bit of both but in the spirit of Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† I would say that maybe it is a little more of the other. And by the way regarding this matter, for the first time in my life I am hoping to grow to a traditionalist. Research Papers on Intellectual Hegemony of our times - Economics PaperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Moment Generating Function for Binomial Distribution

Moment Generating Function for Binomial Distribution The mean and the variance of a random variable X with a binomial probability distribution can be difficult to calculate directly. Although it can be clear what needs to be done in using the definition of the expected value of X and X2, the actual execution of these steps is a tricky juggling of algebra and summations. An alternate way to determine the mean and variance of a binomial distribution is to use the moment generating function for X. Binomial Random Variable Start with the random variable X and describe the probability distribution more specifically. Perform n independent Bernoulli trials, each of which has probability of success p and probability of failure 1 - p. Thus the probability mass function is f (x) C(n , x)px(1 – p)n - x Here the term C(n , x) denotes the number of combinations of n elements taken x at a time, and x can take the values 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., n. Moment Generating Function Use this probability mass function to obtain the moment generating function of X: M(t) ÃŽ £x 0n etxC(n,x))px(1 – p)n - x. It becomes clear that you can combine the terms with exponent of x: M(t) ÃŽ £x 0n (pet)xC(n,x))(1 – p)n - x. Furthermore, by use of the binomial formula, the above expression is simply: M(t) [(1 – p) pet]n. Calculation of the Mean In order to find the mean and variance, youll need to know both M’(0) and M’’(0). Begin by calculating your derivatives, and then evaluate each of them at t 0. You will see that the first derivative of the moment generating function is: M’(t) n(pet)[(1 – p) pet]n - 1. From this, you can calculate the mean of the probability distribution. M(0) n(pe0)[(1 – p) pe0]n - 1 np. This matches the expression that we obtained directly from the definition of the mean. Calculation of the Variance The calculation of the variance is performed in a similar manner. First, differentiate the moment generating function again, and then we evaluate this derivative at t 0. Here youll see that M’’(t) n(n - 1)(pet)2[(1 – p) pet]n - 2 n(pet)[(1 – p) pet]n - 1. To calculate the variance of this random variable you need to find M’’(t). Here you have M’’(0) n(n - 1)p2 np. The variance ÏÆ'2 of your distribution is ÏÆ'2 M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2 n(n - 1)p2 np - (np)2 np(1 - p). Although this method is somewhat involved, it is not as complicated as calculating the mean and variance directly from the probability mass function.

Book Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Art - Essay Example The pictograms are purely inclined to capturing what the working class endeavor to do. Photography from Egypt, Italy, India as well as the Alps highlights a bias in presenting mythology and concurrence of easy sightseeing and splendid natural attractiveness. In capturing the Eiger Mountain, the signal is remitted of what constitute typical tourism; the consumption of sights, seeking of easy views and the having of casual and non occupied similarities to mere passing backdrop, despite of its grandeur. Without a qualm, humanity is like this; enlightening discernment is erected to construct mans responses as presently subsisted in a world where the idealism of the part is deconstructed like superfluous creed. A collection of pictures in the book art presents an interesting bunch of ideas dependable with postmodernism and a perceptive refutation of simulated meaning. The Eiger, exclusive on the left of photographs, or even Everest, is phony amusement definite and subjected to consumerism . These thoughts, as portrayed by various photographers were dependable with some of their accomplishments. Cinematography has been defined as a process of consumption conducted with a board up-click acquirement. It's a mode of cultural colonialism where the photo embodies a proof of being there, where carrying a camera endows a trip with a direction and devoid of connotation when adrift in a foreign place, unconnected from your typical orientation points. The core line of attack in Book art is a game, an intellectual contrivance, and there's a kind of arrogance within it through which a delicate feeling is made into a right-on collectiveness. Book art endeavors to depict a documented wilderness and virtually exposing the innate curiosity in capturing the significance of a logical compilation. Relatively, probably the persons that appear mostly in his documentaries tend to have been blas tourists, seeking a commercial reminder for a commercial holiday. It could be possibly they were walkers, mountain climbers with a passion; a moment with an unreliable description. Lippard L (2003; 57-60) Scanning through Book art, a trendy concept of postmodernism portraying fitting photography is visible. The book champions a non judgmental academic arrangement, oriented on fundamentally flawed theories amassed as artistic expression on the postulation that constructing it makes exactly so. In simple words, the erection of Book art's maxim of thought becomes its underlying principle and substantiation. Pictograms on Alps; ushers the exposition and thought process as vividly highlighted behind the pictures and how they fall short in appreciating or respecting the experience of witnessing some of the most awesome examples of nature. To experience a knack of some prolific footages, Book art deviates from the norms of what tourism is all about and delve into the wildest, tranquil yet timeless vast, prompting a divergent kind of image, that corresponds to nature rather than commanding oneself onto it with a eccentric postmodern schema. Book art is inclined to depicting work of art that e mbodies maturity with desire for the most tawdry of mass produced commodities, or mulled over with the world-weariness of shopping and seeing the sights. The presentation is uncovered not in black and white, but in the mainly impetuous and striking of super-wringing wet color. Research shows that Book art photographic representations have made the book the most priced possession in

See email Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See email - Essay Example In this research we will use Christopoulous and Tsionas (2004) model, where the growth rate of GDP is dependent of financial development along side with other variable. Some of the countries in the Asian economy which will be considered are South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Pakistan and China. These countries will be focused in trying to study the contribution of financial market in the process of developing the economy. They all have similar economic development progress, culture and geographic proximity, thus making it possible to be used in determining the impact of financial market to the overall economic growth in a particular economy. The results will vary depending on the nature of the economic system, pattern of financial system and the type of model used to analyze the data. A strong correlation that exists between economic growth and financial market is a well recognized fact which has received more attention by most economists. This can be supported by the revolutionary works of Walter Bagehot (1873) and Joseph Schumpeter (1912). Over time, the direction in financial markets has really evolved growth and a strong association of development with rapid capital increase. Generally, when there are no funds in a particular country, then, there is no incentive for economic development. Immediately after accumulation of funds and an increase in per capita, financial markets become very active with the emergence of the financial intermediaries that tend to grow in number and size. This economic growth has a positive change in the overall production level of goods and services in that particular economy. Most of the conventional economists suggest that, factors of production such as capital, land and labor are the key determinants of technological change and a re the main source of change in the production function. It is obvious that a well functioning financial

Not a paper 4 questions in statistics Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Not a 4 questions in statistics - Research Paper Example According to the sample data. It will not be correct to say featured crimes are likely to be cleared by arrests. One might confuse that many featured crimes are cleared by simple arrests if he or she literary looks at the ps ratios. However, it is pertinent that one looks at the denominator through which the ratios get obtained. According to those statistics, as much as the featured crimes may portray a great figure, the denominator through which they get obtained is not the same as that of non-crime line crimes. Therefore it is not likely that featured crimes will get cleared through arrests. According the five step model, the level of interactivity between the liberal arts students and that of the other students is inverse, although the average figures may suggest otherwise. The liberal Arts major students interact more with the information in the books given that they are just bus a fraction of the students, yet able to achieve an average close to that of other

ASTR 123 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

ASTR 123 - Assignment Example It remains unclear what chain of circumstance led to the emergence of life on Earth. However, scientists believe that the long period of relatively stable climate originating from the stable orbit of the planet at the favorable distance from a proper type of star are necessary factors of complex life on Earth (Guangxian and Xiao 33-34). The Rare Earth Theory holds that few planets can support the kind of complex life that the Earth supports. It contradicts the mediocrity principle which assumes Earth is a typical planet and that there is not much that is special about humanity. Other analysis suggests that the only planet that is capable of supporting complex life is the Earth. Proponents of the Rare Earth Theory indicate the long list of circumstances required for the evolution of complex life on earth. The creation of life requires water, and no planet apart from the Earth if known to have liquid water in large quantities. Many other planets do not have the right temperature to keep water liquid. Therefore, complex life cannot be found in such planets (Guangxian and Xiao 36). Considering that the galaxy is a very thin circular disk of stars of radius approximately 50,000 light years with 2500 civilizations in our galaxy capable of communication, the approximate separation of these civilizations in light years will be the perimeter divided by the number of civilizations. Based on the suggestions and responses of people, humans do not have the right characteristics to foster sustainability. Many of the respondents suggested that humans are moral, selfish, and lazy. The respondents feel that majority of human beings seek their own personal interest, want power, and work for selfish gains. Even though many people remain moral, majority do not have the characteristics to foster sustainability. Guangxian, Xu, and Xiao Jimei. New Frontiers in Rare Earth Science and Applications: Proceedings of the International Conference on Rare Earth Development and Applications

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 17

Economics - Essay Example st be unfeasible to break the overall stock exchange market through market timing or expert stock selection, and the only solution to an investor for obtaining higher returns is by buying riskier investments. Efficient Market Hypothesis is divided into three types. These are strong, semi strong and weak. The weak Efficient Market Hypothesis theory says that prices on assets traded such as bonds, stocks, or property already show all past available information for public. The semi-strong Efficient Market Hypothesis states that prices in addition to reflecting publicly available past information also shows that prices constantly change to show new publicly available information. However, the strong Effective Market Hypothesis says that in addition to the above two types of information, prices also show â€Å"insider† information or hidden truths. Although Efficient Market Hypothesis is the foundation of the financial theory today, it is doubtful and highly uncertain. A large number of educational institutions are in favor of Efficient Market Hypothesis but an equivalent number of people are against it. For instance, Warren Buffet, an investor, has been beating the market for quite a long time now which is almost impracticable according to the theory of Efficient Market Hypothesis. Critics of the Efficient Market Hypothesis also draw our attention towards the event of 1987 and many as such when the stock price of Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) came down by 20% in one day as proof that stock prices can diverge to a large extent from their fair market values. There is also proof against and for strong, semi-strong and weak Effective Market Hypothesis. In an answer to the critics, the advocates of Effective Market Hypothesis claim that market efficiency does not ascertain complete certainty about the future but it is a generali zation of the financial market which may be false sometimes. However in practical, market is efficient for purposes of speculation for almost all

Girl, One of these days Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Girl, One of these days - Essay Example In order for a story to have a plot, it is imperative that events are sequenced in a sensible way. There may either be a cause and effect relationship between events, or else, the events may just coincidently occur, but in either case, the subsequent events should be linked with the preceding ones. This being the definition of plot, it can be safely said that Jamaica Kincaid’s Girl has no plot at all, because there is no link whatsoever between the various events. In fact, there is no event at all. Though Girl lacks story and plot, yet it essentially fulfills the purpose of character development. From the beginning till the end of Girl, an unknown narrator is advising something that seems to be a girl so that the latter may become a responsible and prudent woman and wife. There are traces of conflict and resolution in the text. Occasionally, the narrator tells why a girl thinks in a particular way, and what she should do to get rid of the problem. 2. There is a dentist who is busy doing his work while a Mayor approaches and sends message to the dentist via dentist’s son that he wants his tooth taken out. The dentist is reluctant to do so and tells his son to tell the Mayor that he is not there. But the Mayor knows he is there. He tells the dentist’s son to tell him that if he did not take out the Mayor’s tooth, he would shoot the dentist. The dentist calls him in, and he makes the Mayor pour in the chair. He warns the Mayor that he would be given no anesthesia because the Mayor has an abscess. The Mayor tells him to proceed. The dentist takes the lower wisdom tooth out, while the Mayor holds his breath to bear the pain. When the tooth has been taken out, the Mayor wishes him a good-bye after receiving instructions from the dentist. The Mayor tells him to send the bill, hearing which, the dentist sarcastically questions him if he would pay from the town’s budget. The Mayor says it means the same eit her way. In this story, the audience gets a

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 17

Economics - Essay Example st be unfeasible to break the overall stock exchange market through market timing or expert stock selection, and the only solution to an investor for obtaining higher returns is by buying riskier investments. Efficient Market Hypothesis is divided into three types. These are strong, semi strong and weak. The weak Efficient Market Hypothesis theory says that prices on assets traded such as bonds, stocks, or property already show all past available information for public. The semi-strong Efficient Market Hypothesis states that prices in addition to reflecting publicly available past information also shows that prices constantly change to show new publicly available information. However, the strong Effective Market Hypothesis says that in addition to the above two types of information, prices also show â€Å"insider† information or hidden truths. Although Efficient Market Hypothesis is the foundation of the financial theory today, it is doubtful and highly uncertain. A large number of educational institutions are in favor of Efficient Market Hypothesis but an equivalent number of people are against it. For instance, Warren Buffet, an investor, has been beating the market for quite a long time now which is almost impracticable according to the theory of Efficient Market Hypothesis. Critics of the Efficient Market Hypothesis also draw our attention towards the event of 1987 and many as such when the stock price of Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) came down by 20% in one day as proof that stock prices can diverge to a large extent from their fair market values. There is also proof against and for strong, semi-strong and weak Effective Market Hypothesis. In an answer to the critics, the advocates of Effective Market Hypothesis claim that market efficiency does not ascertain complete certainty about the future but it is a generali zation of the financial market which may be false sometimes. However in practical, market is efficient for purposes of speculation for almost all

Dreaming has been there since the existence of man Essay Example for Free

Dreaming has been there since the existence of man Essay Dreaming is a communication between the body, mind and the spirit in a symbolic communicative environmental state of being. Our brains being active way all the time, but at different states of consciousness example, being alert, awake, asleep, bored, day dreaming cause different waves in brain as far as the activity is concerned. The brain mind and spirit, while at rest (when a person is sleeping) will review and analyses many things. This goes around emotions, ideas, thoughts, actions of a short terms memory. This has a background of someone’s past life, and philosophy to influence it. The mind is also processing spiritual data, beliefs, and any communication from the higher power (God). All this information together with subconscious of what people ever told you, is then processed but without supervision by any person. All this information is put together by the mind in a form of Visual Screen play, as a mixture of many things such as sight, sound, emotion and imagined interactivity. This will definitely yield that which is referred to as dreams. Dreaming is easily influenced by factors in a person’s life and spirit, these influences bring about divisions that almost same as God’s. They are usually categorized as standard, prophetic, nightmares and physical dreams. Standard dreams have a tendency of precognition happening randomly. Prophetic ones are those dreams carrying a message of what is going to happen in the future. It could be calling for repentance, change of behavior or getting prepared for an on coming disaster. Nightmares are sort of dreams that will frighten or upset the dream and it may take some time before someone gets back to sleep after having a nightmare. This is why dreaming is such a important thing because sometimes it may bring wealth, health, escape, spiritual gain etc. if dreaming is taken seriously, that is if people could get to concentrate and remember their dreams, there could be very important messages hidden in the dreams. Dreaming may be important to remember and I will discuss a few ways that would help a person interested in recalling their dreams do so. It is believed that if you get to bed a well relaxed person, pay attention to the main issues on the mind, give yourself a suggestion/idea to remember your dreams, plan to wake up slowly and peacefully such that you don’t lost track of the dream you may have had by rocketing out of the bed; then most likely you will manage to recall the dreams you had in the night. It is also suggested that each a well balanced diet will help recall your dreams this is for the reason that all parts of the body including the brain is well nourished with a healthy diet. Once the person recalls the dream, it is important to analyze it. This can be done by identifying the main concept of the dream. This will involve taking away all details and looking at the dream as a whole. Concepts are for helping someone find the bigger picture and since they are too vague to use as a clear picture it is important then to take away details that appear vague and be left with the very central picture. Once this is done then it is important to match the concept to a certain area of your life. Try to see if there any element of your life that seems very precious to you, and then look if there is any possibility of it being damaged in any way as far as the dreams is concerned. If the answer is that there could be damage to your life, then re-examine the situation and the solution might just present itself to you. Dreaming and its meaning are somehow related to animals and other universal symbols. Animals are sometimes symbolizing our traits, good or bad. Vehicles are to symbolize the direction we are headed. Children may symbolize something new and joyous while clothing may symbolize moods which are also related to attitudes we usually have. While dreaming about death may be common and scaring it is believed to bring changes and very dramatic and major ones. It may symbolize confronting fear of change or fear of death. It could also signify threat. Another common dream is that involving people. This may be a symbol of a personal trait as long as the dream is not prophetic.

The Sex In Advertising Media Essay

The Sex In Advertising Media Essay Today we live in a world that sex sells mostly everything. People from all over the world are constantly bombarded with an increasing amount of sexual advertising messages whether it is seen on television, magazines, billboards, or even heard on the radio. Advertisers use sexual clips and photos in their ads or commercials to make a long lasting impression on the consumers. Sex in advertising The amount of partially and fully nude models has severely increased over the years and is more popular now than ever. Advertisers use sex as a tool to draw additional attention to a specific product and are known to be one of the most persuasive tools used by both marketers and advertisers. Advertisements often touch the borderline of the forbidden, with the emphasis of attracting attention (Heckler et. al, 2001). The limits are consistently being pushed to see how far advertisers can go. From the beginning of the 20th century focusing on a womens calf below her skirt would be enough to pass the limit for what was tolerated, and now the advertisements being used today would easily be considered as pornography. Problem Pictures, sounds, and stories, are a form of sexual information that has proven to have stirred up a variety of emotional reactions within viewers (Heckler et. al, 2001). Sexual appeals can generally be defined as messages; it can be shown through brand information in advertising contexts or as persuasive appeals in social marketing contexts, which has a connection with sexual information. In advertising, there are different types of sexual information (Lambiase Reichert, 2003). Lambiase and Reichert identified five different types of sexual content in advertising, which are nudity, sexual behavior, physical attractiveness, and sexual referents. The usage of sex appeal in advertisement Throughout the past twenty years, the exposure of sex appeal in advertising has become more or less common (Henthorne LaTour, 1994). The reality of sexual appeals in advertising is widespread in throughout many parts of the world and it is often thought of as fulfilling stimulating and arousing fantasies (Gould, 1994). Stephen J. Gould, further states that the ethics and morality of sex appeals continues to be contested, much as sexual norms and traditions in general have been challenged throughout history. A review of remaining research indicates complex connections between the usage of nudity in an advertisement and numerous lengths of advertising efficiency (ibid). The research on the use of nudity in an advertisement has found that although nudity may increase and bring forth attention it may also decrease the attention toward the brand name (Belch, Severn, 1990). Refering to a study by Richins (1991) it was stated that about half the time or even more frequently, more than 50 per cent of respondents said that when they see clothing advertisements and cosmetic advertisements, they compare themselves to the models in the advertisements. After viewing beautiful models or highly attractive individuals, for example in television advertisements or even on the cover of a Victoria Secret catalog, viewers tend to rate the attractiveness of more ordinary looking people lower than they would otherwise (ibid). Sexual appeal directed to youth Sex and sexism in advertising justify further discussion, as marketers target young audiences with sexual appeals and marketers use sexual imagery to sell products to teenagers and young adults (Reichert, 2003). The effect of sexual content in advertising may be heightened for young adults, for whom sexual expression and experiences are still relatively new and therefore sexual content is often targeted to young adults (ibid). The author states that advertising creators are producing sexual appeals for products targeted to young adults, and media planners are placing these advertisements in media consumed by younger audiences. Much of todays sexual advertising targets youth, yet there is little data in existing research to show how the youth react to such advertisement. Literary Review Arousal and response in the context of sexual advertisement stimuli Lambiase and Reichert (2003) claim that men and women perceive sexual appeals in advertisement differently. When showing the men and women a print advertisement of explicit female nudity women reacted tenser then men did. When men viewed the print advertisement, they reacted with energy arousal instead of tension arousal (ibid). In a study that was conducted, one group of participants was exposed to an advertisement with nude erotic appeal while a second group was shown an advertisement with semi erotic appeal (Lambiase Reichert, 2003). The participants in the two groups were shown an advertisement similar to each other, showing a women modeling on a beach, but the advertisement with the seminude model was masked by a perfume bottle. Both of the groups attitudes towards the brand were then evaluated. The outcome of the experiment showed that the advertisements with nude erotic appeal were negatively influencing consumers attitudes to the brand. The group that was shown the semi-nude advertisement displayed a positive association toward the brand (ibid). The author also concludes that these results indeed undermine the idea that sex sells; this is especially true when it comes to female respondents. Sexual appeals perceived by men and women in advertising Treise and Weigold (1994) argue that although it is often believed that sex sells, it sells at the consequence of controversy. This statement was supported by the author, who conducted this study. The sample responses showed that a large amount of consumers are bothered by the use of sex in advertisements. About half of the participants in the study felt that there is nothing wrong with using sexual advertisements to sell products if it is perceived as tasteful. Although participants believed that there was too much sex in advertising. More than half of the respondents in Treise and Weigolds (1994) study felt that nudity in advertising is not appropriate for general interest in magazines; almost as high figure of the respondents thought that sexual advertisements play a role in a teenagers decision to become sexually active. Men and womens response to nudity in advertising Smith et. al, (1995) have studied how partially nude models in advertising influence consumers. Authors refer back to prior studies, where they found a common finding that sexual stimulus in advertising draw attention away from brand information. Also people who viewed the advertisement will notice the difficulty in remembering the brand due to the advertisements sexual content. However, the authors repeatedly state that nudity or sexual content in an advertisement increases the consumers arousal. Increased arousal takes some responsibility for consumers increased recognition of sexual content in advertisements. As stated by Smith et. al, (1995) Advertisements with sexual content or nudity increases recognition; meanwhile, it decreases the brand recognition. The authors also states that men were more receptive to advertisements containing female nudity, but women were more favorable to advertisements with a nude male. Smith et. al, (1995) state that previous research has identified important variables that support whether nudity is considered to be effective and or ineffective in advertisements. The research showed that nudity should be avoided in situations where it can give off a negative thought our feeling, like an inappropriate product; however, the authors claim that nudity works better for products such as, alcohol and fragrances, the main reason for this is that sex appeal promote products better than others. Although majority of consumers will be aroused by advertisements containing sexual stimuli, it is important to remember that not all arousal is beneficial to the advertiser (ibid). Data Collection When collecting data for the research it can be either collected for the first time which is called primary and/or information that already exists which is secondary data. According to Yin (2003) it is more convenient to use secondary data. Yin (2003) says there are six different ways evidence can be collected. These are through documents, records, interviews, direct observation, participant-observation, and physical artifacts. Each of these do not have an advantage over the other (ibid). The method I used to collect data for this study is interviews, documentation, and observations. My secondary data will be the documentation and observations will be my primary data. Interviews will be the major source for my primary data collection. my reason for choosing interviews as my major source is because of its strength. It allows me to directly focus on the topic of my thesis. Yin (2003) believes that an interview can have potential disadvantages and can be biased because of the poor constructed questionnaires. There is also a risk for reflexivity. This is where the interviewed person will tell the interviewer what he or she wants to hear. A focus interview was used to conduct my thesis. The interview will be used to prove or disprove the theories of this study. This type of interview can be done in different ways. Interviews through the telephone are less expensive and also are time efficient; therefore telephone interviews are extremely useful when dealing with an interview that is far away; yet, face to face personal interviews can be time consuming and involve more complex questions. The personal contact during an interview also allows the interviewer to obtain more feedback from the respondent. The type of focused interview I used for this thesis is a focus group; my research was done through two focus group interview sessions. For my sample selection I chose students from Arroyo High School in San Lorenzo, California. The choice of respondents was based on my own personal preference. I thought that targeting this specific group was interesting because I would get to research what the students of Arroyo High thought about sex in advertising. Because this group of people is in high school they are considered to be under developed and immature when it comes to sex. Also they are still at an age where advertising can easily influence them. Interviews Young men The case study was conducted through two focus group interviews, one group including women and one group including men. In the first interview several students from Arroyo High School were selected. The male students participating in the focus group interview were born in 1995- 1996. The individuals participating were told that the aim of this session was not to make them agree upon one solution, but to bring forth their individual perceptions and attitudes. The focus group interview started with me showing them five magazine advertisements (appendix 2 6). The reason for doing this was to stimulate their minds in order to improve the upcoming questions. At first, the males articulated that sex sells. The group agreed that a sexual advertisement had to contain a women that was really good looking in order to be considered an erotic advertisement. The physical appearance being above the average looking individual was very important to the group when deciding if the advertisement was sexual or not. One respondent said: Sex is common nowadays, companies should think of parodying sex in advertisements. Is there too much sex in advertising and is there a limit where it becomes offensive? This question caused a lot of debate. Overall the group stated that there was too much sex in advertising. Here are some remarks from the discussion: Young children 10-14 years old as well as many of us high school students get the wrong idea. It is okay if the people are semi-nude, but not completely naked. If the sexual advertisement doesnt have much to do with the product, then there is probably too much sex involved. Is okay to use sex in advertisements? The students all agreed as long as it is used properly; otherwise, it is not okay.. One student claimed: Sexual appeal in advertisements if it promoting fragrances or lotion, but not okay when it is used for yogurt. Another respondent stated, and got support for the statement from the group: Sometimes the advertisers go too far. Do advertisements with erotic appeal change your attitude toward a brand? This question had a split answer. Some pointed out that they do not change their attitude towards the brand because the advertisement is sexual; however, two boys stated that sometimes they do. One respondent commented: If the advertisement is too sexual, I most likely will not purchase that product. The other respondents answered: if the advertisement is sexual and not relevant to the product, then my attitude usually changes towards that brand or product. You do not have the energy to care if the advertisement is sexual, you might change attitude but you do not have the energy to change buying behavior. Personally, sex in advertising is not enjoyable anymore. Do advertisements with attractive models change your comparison standards for physical attractiveness? All but one guy claimed that their standards changed after looking at attractive models in an advertisement. Also after viewing advertisements the respondents admitted they had higher standards for how the girls should look. Young women The second interview at Arroyo High included several female students born between the years 1995-1996. The focus group session was conducted in the same manner as the first one. Initially, the respondents discussed in general how they define sexual appeal in advertising. Some of the female respondents defined sexual appeal in the following way: It has a sexual appeal if they move slowly in combination with soft lightning. It does not have to include nudity to have sexual appeal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Strong attraction in their eyes can tell you that it really looks like he or she wants sex.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Majority of the female students did not mention physical attractiveness, but instead talked about the importance of the actor/ actresses movement. Is there too much sex in advertising and is there a limit where it becomes offensive? The female students all seemed to agree on the following: The companies do not gain anything with sexual appeal in advertising since everybody has it. To me, advertisements based on sexual appeal do not stand out.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨The female students believed that an advertisement becomes offensive when the nudity has no connection to the product. Is okay to use sex in advertisements? The female students did not agree, they believed that sexual appeal could be used if it had a relevant purpose in the advertisement. One of the respondents mentioned, For example, a sexual advertisement is okay when it is promoting condoms. Do advertisements with erotic appeal change your attitude toward a brand? The opinions amongst the respondents were split. Some claimed that they did not think of the advertisement when buying a product. Other said that it changed their opinion about the product and instead chose a similar product. One student stated: You do not think about the advertisement when you buy a product. Another girl claimed: It might change attitude towards the brand and you might choose another brand if the advertisement you saw is bad and corny. This has happened to me before. You get a negative attitude if the advertisement is too sexual. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Do advertisements with attractive models change your comparison standards for physical attractiveness? The female students all agreed that it does not change their perception of how your friends look, because of their personality. Although, they did agreed that it changed their outlook of people they do not know. One of the girls explained it like this: If you meet a guy on the street it can happen that you compare him with good looking models in advertisements.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ One of the girls also claimedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨I often find myself comparing the men in advertisements with my boyfriend. Data Analysis The survey participants believed that being nude is very different than sex appeal. The students in both the girls and boys group agreed that all the models in the advertisements I showed them were very good looking and not the average girl next door, which played a great role in how the advertisements were perceived. According to Lambiase and Reichert (2003) there are different types of sexual information in advertising; nudity, sexual behavior, psychical attractiveness and sexual referents. As previously stated, the respondents agreed that the different types of advertisement are considered to be sexual. From my research I found that men believe physical attractiveness is a more important factor than women think. Men claimed that in order for an advertisement to be of sexual content the women in the ad had to be extremely good looking. This backs up Ramirez and Reichert theory; that physical attractiveness was twice as important to men than it is to women. The male respondents did not feel bitterness towards attractive models in advertisements like women did. They explained that they realize people in advertising are perfect because they are retouched. Richins (1991) states that young adult females compare their level of attractiveness with models in advertisements, and women also tend to envy their beauty. This shows that Richins theories concerning young women feeling envy towards attractive models are not applicable to young men. Furthermore, beautiful models in advertisements are supposed to change the comparison standards for physical attractiveness (ibid). The majority of the respondents agreed to this and stated that they have higher demands on how a girl is supposed to look like due to the models in advertisements. Some of the respondents thought that the reason why many young females have bad self- self-assurance is because they are constantly fed with advertisements showing how they are supposed to look. However, some of the respondents claimed that advertisement had nothing to do with how they want to look. According to Richins (1991) young adult females feel envy and compare their beauty with models in advertisements targeted toward them. The respondents supported this theory. The respondents claimed, except for one who stated that she was not affected by models in advertisements, that the self-perception of physical attractiveness was lowered by advertisements including physical attractive models. Some of the respondents pointed out the fact that they subconsciously changed their perception after they have been exposed to eye-catching models. Richins (1991) states that exposure to advertising with idealized images of physical attractiveness lowers, at least temporarily young adult females satisfaction and self-perception of their own physical attractiveness. The discussion between the focus group confirmed this. The respondents mentioned if they were walking down the street it is extremely likely that they will have a higher comparison standard for physical attractiveness after looking at attractive models in advertisements. However, they quickly point out that it did not change their view of their friends since personality is important to them. According to Richins (1991) exposure to advertising with idealized images of physical attractiveness will raise young females comparison standards for physical attractiveness. Conclusion The findings of my thesis imply that there are some similarities between the data gathered and the research stated of how young men react to sexual appeal in advertising. However, there are also some differences. My findings suggest that young men believe there is too much sex in advertising, especially in cases where the product has no connection with sexual appeal whatsoever. Additionally, young men believe that advertisements can be discriminating both to men and women, since the models that are appearing in these advertisements are based on sexual appeal and are often well trained and good-looking. My research also suggest that nudity in advertisement is so common today that even though advertisements include unnecessary nudity young men do not change their purchasing behavior, even if the attitude towards the brand may change. Previous research confirms the change in attitude, but the fact that buying behavior does not change has not been brought up in earlier research. The focus groups suggested different products where they believed it is okay to use sexual appeal in advertising. One example is in advertisements for fragrances. The focus group also mentioned a non-suitable sexual advertisement was ice cream. Additionally my findings suggest that young men do not feel any bitterness or jealously towards models in advertisements because they are aware that the models in advertisements are retouched to for a more tasteful appearance. However, the respondents in my focus group brought up the fact that they believe people in general change their self-perception of physical attractiveness due to attractive models in advertisements. They also claimed that the comparison standard for physical attractiveness increased after viewing an advertisement, with a stunning woman, that is based on sexual appeal. My research also suggests that female respondents believe there is too much sex in advertising. This is especially true when it comes to products that have no association with sexual appeal. Also, young women believe an advertisement can be discriminating. Results show that young women believe that women are often portrayed as sexual objects in advertisements. In addition, the research also suggests that some young women change their attitude towards a brand and in some cases buying behavior if the advertisement is bad and too sexual. According to my findings young women are affected by sexual appeal in advertisement. This is due to the fact that the models in the advertisement are extremely attractive. This affects the self-confidence of young women according to the participants of the focus group. According my research, the reason for this is because young women are constantly targeted with advertisements based on sexual appeal which includes attractive models. Other findings suggest that young womens comparison standard for physical attractiveness increased concerning casual meetings. However respondents from the focus group claimed that comparison standards for friends were not increased since they had a personality which according to the focus group member is much more important. Todays adolescences are used to the sexual content showed in advertisement. Therefore I think that the corporations should rethink before choosing sexual appeals as a topic in their campaigns. Since sexual appeals are so common today that people do not react to it anymore. If the advertisement contains sexual behavior that is not in accordance with the product, it is very likely that people might change their attitude towards that product. If corporations use sexual appeal the wrong way in advertisements, people, or in this case, the youth will be against them and maybe go as far as not purchasing the product. Corporations might consider using other tools than sex in advertising, since sex is that common today. Sometimes a product works better with other appeals, such as humor, fear or even guilt. References Belch, G.E. Severn, J. (1990). The effects of sexual and nonsexual advertising appeals and information level on cognitive processing and communication effectiveness. Journal of advertising, Vol. 19 Issue 1. ISSN 0091-3367 Gould, S.J. (1994). Sexuality and ethics in advertising: A research agenda and policy guideline perspective. Journal of advertising, Vol. 23 Issue 3. ISSN 0091-3367. Heckler, S.E., Jackson, S. Reichert, T. (2001). Sexual Appeals in advertising. Journal of advertising, Vol. 30 Issue 1. ISSN 0091-3367. Henthorne, T.L. LaTour, M.S. (1994). Ethical judgments of sexual appeals in print advertising. Journal of advertising, Vol. 23 Issue 3. ISSN 0091-3367. Lambiase, J. Reichert, T. (2003). Sex in advertising. Mahwah, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-4117-2. Reichert, T. (2003). The prevalence of sexual imagery in ads targeted to young adults. Journal of consumer Affairs, Vol. 37 Issue 2. ISSN 0022-0078. Richins, M.L. (1991). Social Comparison and the idealized images in advertising. Journal of consumer research, Vol. 18. ISSN 0093-5301. Smith, S.M., Anton, M.R., Haugtvedt, C.P. Jadrich, J.M. (1995). Understanding responses to sex appeals in advertising: An individual difference approach. Advances in consumer research, Vol. 22. ISSN 0098-9258. Treise, D. Weigwold, M.F. (1994). Ethics in advertising: ideological correlates of consumer perceptions. Journal of advertising, Vol. 23 Issue 3. ISSN 0091-3367. Yin, R.K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. (3rd ed.). Thousand oaks, California : Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2553-8. Appendices 1-6 Appendix 1: Interview questions I will start by showing the group the pictures of the advertisements and then the participants will discuss what they see and feel about the material. When the group is done expressing their reactions I will continue by asking them the following questions: Question 1: Is there too much sex in advertising and is there a limit where it becomes offensive? Question 2: Is okay to use sexual appeal in advertisement? Question 3: Do advertisements with erotic appeal change your attitude toward a brand? Question 4: Do advertisements with attractive models change your comparison standards for physical attractiveness? After the questions I asked if the group wanted to add anything else. Appendix 2 http://i643.photobucket.com/albums/uu151/brosjdm/erotic.jpg Appendix 3 Appendix 4 http://i368.photobucket.com/albums/oo126/theybf/Feb%2009/0905a17e.jpg Appendix 5 http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs20/i/2008/304/1/a/Erotic_hug_by_fdesign74.jpg