Female Offenders

Aarron Eilers February 22, 2010 Fe phallic Off ceaseers The number of wo manpower incarce located is exploitation at a rapid pace. This c alls for a reevaluation of our correction institutions to deal with womens involvement in nuisance. Increasing numbers of gather ups for prop aversion and do main(prenominal) order offenses ar come to the forepacing that of men. The War on Drugs has a big crop on why our prison houses strike become overcrowded in the last 25 long time. Women ar impacted to a greater extent(prenominal) than ever because they be being convicted evenly for medicine and other offenses. Female savage behavior has al panaches been identify as minor comp ard to Males criminal behavior.Over the forms women drop made up yet small part of the offender populations. t present is still only a small portion of the con game population that is pistillate but it is increasing at a game rate. Women atomic number 18 participating in more knock-down-and-drag - come in criminal offences and being convicted of crimes that were historically reserved for men. The Bureau of rightness Statistics which reports a ye arend report of number of womanhoodlys incarcerated report that thither were 26,300 females behind bars for reddish crimes after the year of 2002. blood-red crimes in women prisons accounted for thirty-three percent of the population.The overall female population to a fault change magnitude 2. 9 percent from 2003 to 2004. People brace recently juted pay much more attention to women who commit violent crimes. Women some clock put up a plan and a target when committing a crime like polish off. The target is usually some whizz rattling well-nigh to them such(prenominal) as a spouse or their children. The reasons for committing the murder range from enviously to self defense. The female usually has been a target of violence someplace in her past as well. Research that has been done fates that a female who commits mur der tends to be older than a one who commits a small crime.The Bureau of Justice Statistics indicated that most women who commit such a crime as murder did so while they were alone with the victim. Only viii percent of the time was another female or male relegate during the offense. The Bureau overly reports that forty percent of the time the female was infra the influence of some type of drug or alcohol. more or less women who have spent time in jails or prisons have a womb-to-tomb connection with the evaluator system. Estimates done in the United States show that lviii percent of women are rearrested, thirty percent strike to prison inside three years, and thirty-eight percent are reconvicted.In Kruttschnitt and Gartners go over of the literature they suggest that the demographic plays a major part in a females recidivism. Females who have a history of property crime, drug use, and a lengthy criminal history are more in all probability to recidivate. Deschenes and coll eagues study of the cohort recidivism dataset revealed similar findings. They did note that the effect of drug abuse and institutional programs were absent from the report. some(prenominal) incertitudes have surfaced when looking at the general recidivism literature. Scholars implore that the study of recidivism should have a broader range of study.It needed to add the whole life perspective not just a short period in the females life. Now that women are committing crimes at almost the same rate as men the question arises, should men and women receive the same treatment in the criminal justice system. This issue has sparked debate in the last few years. The current honor states that the defendant should not receive either special treatment cod to characteristics such as race, sexual practice, or age. These are considered extralegal and should not be considered during the sentencing process.Gender was ignored until the azoic 1980s, but when it was given attention it centre on sex disaccordences and sanctioning instead of questioning the crimes of men and the criminal justice systems response to mens crimes. Most research done on sentencing and gender goes as far keep going as 1934 when Martin concluded that females were no more likely than males to be sentenced to prison terms. One of the most recent studies by Spohn in 2002 stated that the odds of receiving a prison sentence are two and a half(a) times greater for male offenders than for female offenders.For numerous years, prison officials utilize the same type of treatment for men and women. In the last hug drug with the increasing number of women incarcerated, research shows that women have different physical and unrestrained needs. For example, women are more attached to their children that they are leaving behind, and some have histories of physical and mental abuse. The creation of two programs, Key Crest and forever Free were created to economic aid with women specific issues. Recent studies done by study Institute of Justice studies found that participants in these two programs stayed drug and arrest free for over three years.Participants were tested and interviewed once a year for three years. The studies also showed that the programs provided aftercare and treatment in areas that were not addressed in previous years. Even though some(prenominal) varied in their approach, they both recognized the many ways there were to treat the needs of women and how they differ from men. The studies also show that gender specific programs do help inmates reenter into society. There are many factors that inhibit women to commit violent crimes. Most women admit from substance abuse, spouse abuse and mental issues.The most common insecurity is being previously being abused earlier in life. A survey conducted in 2002 reported that thirty six percent of all female inmates in United States jails had been abused at some point. xxvi percent reported that they were abused by so meone of their immediate family. other possible reason for a rise in womens crime may be imputable to an idea created by sociologists called liberation guessing. In this hypothesis due to the lack of access to certain areas in society women in the past were committing crimes such as shoplifting, fraud, and prostitution.As women start to gain access to more avenues in society they are qualified to commit more serious crimes. The murder rate, crimes against property, and street crimes have increased significantly. Women used to be just the drug smugglers but promptly they are the dealers. Dr. Chishom of the Southern Region Violence & Substance Abuse Prevention focalize stated that Quite frankly women became more daring. Now they compete with men for the same crimes that once were dominated by men. Society also may be a reason for the rise in womens crime rate.Society over the last 30 years has changed dramatically and has become more violent. Women feel that they may have to pro tect themselves more than ever. Dr. Barbara Scott of Northeastern Illinois University suggests that society has an increased acceptance of violence. Violence is portrayed in the media as a way of dealing with frustration and aggression, not only in women but in men as well. Women are no longer scared of doing things that once were deemed unacceptable. They are carrying weapons, being complex in shootings, and committing child abuse.One trend that is related to women committing crimes is drug dependency. The rising rate of drug dependency has a major impact on womens crime trends. Women who rely on drugs must have a eonian income to acquire these drugs on a routine basis. This is where women tend to be involved in burglaries and robberies to fund their drug habits. Drug use also tends to make pass women into the underworld of a criminal subculture. It exposes them to violence and dangerous situations. This is where they meet men that are also connected to drug dependency.Most men that are drug dependant exploit women to feed their own habits. When studying the go of a violent female criminal research shows substantial gender variations. Most womens biographys start and end much earlier than one of a man. Females are more likely not to repeat violent crimes. Females are also more likely to shy away from any future crimes. Long term involvement as a career criminal by a woman is very rare. Case studies and interviews show a weak commitment to a life of crime. When apologiseing the female offend process most theories were created by men.Most theories have been challenged because they were created for men, and people honor if those theories can be used to explain female crime. Some criminologists argue that traditional theories are male specific and are not knowing to explain female crime. Approaches such as the anomie theory and conflict theory suggest that factors such as poverty and inequality be much of the basic crime. Consistent between the two ap proaches, both male and females show that they come from the poor and disadvantaged.These approaches help explain the gender to-do as a consequence of the lesser relevance of success goals compared to men. The neighborly processes such as differential association and labeling theory tend to explain common crime in terms of different opportunities for learning female values and skill sets. These theories would explain the gender hoo-hah as a consequence of lower access by females to learning criminal activity. The say-so Theory suggests that poor affectionate bonds account for much of the crime. This theory argues that most criminals come from a disproportional and dysfunctional family.Their education level is very low and they have a weak chain of conformity. The gender gap in this theory is explained through female socialization towards their bonding behavior. The physical exertion of the traditional theories is upkeeped by evidence that shows that females and men overlap in their causes for committing crimes. For example, male and females alike tend to have poor education, be in low income bracket, and be of the minority status. Second, there is evidence that shows that there is close relation that females and males respond to the same societal forces.While traditional theories help understand male and female crime levels, they are less high-fidelity at explaining different patterns of crime between the two. Different from male criminals, females are less likely to commit serious crime or premise crime organizations. When linked with males, females tend to be accomplices who help carry out the plan but never are the leader. Females are more likely to commit crime for more traditional reasons such as accomplishment, betterment, and self preservation. Situational pressures such as relationship problems, loss of a loved one, or need for income is a few reasons females turn to offending.The reentry contextual has been a way of understanding recidivism. The neighborhood a women returns to after being released is a main focus. Most women who are released go back to an impoverished environment which is not suited to keep them clear of crime. Most of these areas do not have the proper treatment centers that are needed to make them successful. The job markets in these neighborhoods are slim and sometimes nonexistent. In turn, moral for a woman who is trying to turn their life around becomes very low. Living conditions are also a key factor. Suitable living arrangements provide social and horny support.Mallik-Kane and Visher found that fifty six percent of women released ended up living with family and friends. Most had been given some sort of financial and emotional support. Over one quarter of these women had not received any support from their families. The Justice Departments Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that there are roughly 2. 1 million female violent crime offenders in the United States. ternion out of every four women commit crimes on other women. devil thirds of all violent women had some sort of relationship with their victim former to committing the crime.Forty percent of these women were under some influence of drugs while carrying out the crime. Over half of these offenses were committed at or near the victims house. In 1997, there were 44 known women inmates on death row. This made up about 1. 3 percent of the total on death row inmates. Society itself is always changing and has changed a kettle of fish in the last couple of decades. Crime is constant battle here in the United States and around the world. All we can do is rely to contain it and keep it as minimum as possible. As reports have been released and studies have been conducted we can see that the crime rate involving women has increased.The rate of violent crimes as in women has significantly risen every year since the early 1980s. At the end of 2001, there were nearly 9 times as many men (5,037,000) in prisons as there were women (581,000). However women are the fastest growing population in American prisons. In 2004, men were ten times more likely to commit violent crimes than women. That statistic is now false as women are committing more crime than ever before. Some argue that the reasoning for this is because of the economy and their social conditions.The majority of the females arrested for violent crimes came from poverty stricken neighborhoods where there was little chance for advancement. Over half of the females did not have a stable job when they offended. Females are included in more organized crime than they were ever before. This comes from being exposed to the elements to commit crime. Inhibiters such as the media who says its Ok to take anger and frustration out through violence or men who use women to be an accomplice in a crime. Females seem to dig themselves deeper into the criminal subculture until they end up serving a ail sentence. Unlike decades ago there are programs to help fem ales through the incarceration process. Key Crest and forever and a day Free were created to help females obtain the correct tools and support they need to return to a normal life. Due to research done after release, it has been shown that these programs due help females stay off drugs and become a positive penis of society. Works Cited Doerner, J. K. , 2007-11-14 An Examination of Sentencing Outcomes in U. S. Federal Courts Does a Gender break Exist? 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