Freedom of the Press

license of the wedge liberty to print or to otherwise disseminate develop ment, as in print, by broadcasting, or with electronic media, without prior restraints such as licensing requirements or content review and without subsequent penalty for what is said. license of the insistence or emancipation of the media is the absolvedom of communication and ex press oution through mediums including various electronic media and published materials. While such indep deceaseence mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, its preservation whitethorn be sought through constitutional or other legal fosterions.With respect to governing bodyal information, each governing may distinguish which materials atomic number 18 public or protect from disclosure to the public found on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise saved from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the content interest. Many governments ar to a fault caseful to sunshine laws or emancipation of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest. emancipation of the press, which has been limited not hardly by governments solely at times by churches, is bsolute in no country.In modern democracies it is rarely attacked by overt forms of censorship but is practically compromised by governments strength to withhold information, by self-censorship in reaction to various pressures, by selective government leaking of information or disinformation, and by other factors. In the United States, freedom of the press and the broader freedom of speech are protected by the First Am finish upment to the Constitution and are considered fundamental amends of the quite a little. In practice, though, many kinds of speech and publication (e. g. bscenity or violations of copy dependable) are considered outside the amendments purview, and others, like commercial speech (advertising or product claims), receive a trim down level of protection. In addition, broadcasters are subject to government licensing requirements. The protections to be afforded users of on-line computer services, the Internet, and other overbold meat of publication are the focus of a developing debate in 1996 a federal official district court panel struck down the new Communications Decency Act, holding that Internet communications were entitled to he same degree of protection as printed communications.History Historically, restriction of the press has occurred in ii counselings. The first may be either censorship or mandatory licensing by the government in advance of publication the second is punishment for printed material, especially that considered by the government to be seditious libel. censorship of the press began not long after the invention of the printing press. Pope Alexander VI issued (1501) a notice requiring printers to submit copy to church governance before publication, in order to pr level offt heresy.Penalties for bypassing the censors include fines and excommunication. Key Principles -Publishing was liberalized, with the law requiring only that publishers present their names to the authorities and deposit two copies of every work. -The authorities were ene the power to suppress newspapers. -This nad previously enabled prosecutions of critics of the government, monarchy and church, or of those who argued for controversial ideas on property rights. The telescope of libel was severely reduced, with the criteria for defamation being much more tightly defined -A limited deep brown of press offences was retained, including outraging public morals, and insulting high-ranking public officials including the President of the Republic, heads of foreign states and ambassadors. Scope -It applies to statements made publicly, whether through oral or printed performer. -In recent years, French courts brook repeatedly ruled that the law in any case applies t o libellous content communicated via the World Wide Web.Defenses -Truth of the defamatory statement is available as a defense in most libel cases other than those concerning the privacy of the plaintiff. Where privacy is infringed, truth is not an absolute defense, though few latitude is permitted if the plaintiff is a public figure. A plea of good faith is permitted by the courts in circumstances where the issues at stake concern matters of public interest. A defendant may be discharge on that basis if the court is satisfied that the defendant has carried out at least a basic verification of the source of the information on which the defamatory statement is based.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states Every single has the right to freedom of opinion and expression this right includes reedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media irrespective of frontiers This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the depth to which these laws are entrenched in a countrys legal carcass can go as far down as its constitution.The concept of freedom of speech is a great deal covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to speak and published expression. granting immunity of the PressCONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEETeodoro, et al on the book Freedom Of Expression And The Media In The Philippines Chapter I History of Freedom of the Press demonstrated how the commitment to free speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom, with which the leaders of both the 19th century Philippine Reform Movement and the 1896 Revolution were familiar, was keep in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic, this was nearly 115 years ago. These provisions did not only survived, but were expanded, in the countrys subsequent Constitutions. Th e freedom of speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom were guaranteed in the Philippine Constitution as follows The Malolos constitution guaranteed that no Filipino would be deprived of the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writing, through the use of press and similar means.The guarantee of the 1987 Constitution in share 4, Article 3 (Bill of Rights) which says that No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for chasten of grievances. Section 7 also states that the right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development shall be afforded to the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provid ed by law Another relevant provision is on Section 28, Article 2 which says that subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of entire public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. In the same article, section 24, the constitution also says that the State recognizes the vital role of communication in nation building.PRESS granting immunity (PLUS RIGHT TO INFORMATION) EQUALS TO FREEDOM OF obstetrical delivery AND EXPRESSIONClearly, you cannot talk to the highest degree freedom of the press without mentioning the freedom of speech and expression and the right toinformation. In an article on Human Rights Issues in Criminal Justice, it stated that the concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to utter and published expression. Most have concluded that freedom of the press derives from freedom of speech.According to Chief Justice rabbit warren E. Burger of the United States Supreme Court, conferring special status on the press requires that the courts or the government determine who or what the press is and what activities fall under its special protection. Burger make headway concluded that the free speech guarantees of the First Amendment (of the US Constitution) adequately ensure freedom of the press, and that there is no need to distinguish between the two rights, simply Because the First Amendment was meant to guarantee freedom to express and communicate ideas, I can see no exit between the right of those who seek to disseminate ideas by way of a newspaper and those who give lectures or speeches and seek to enlarge the audience by publication and wide dissemination.IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISING FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION, RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND PRESS FREEDOM TO THE FULLEST EXTENTWith relation to guarantees or assurances in the constitution, it is therefore essential that these freedom, the people of the Republic of Philippines enjoy must be exercised to the fullest extent as provided by the Philippine Constitution for the quest benefits 1. Individuals unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in a free and cave in encounter. stool Miltons (an English civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell) central personal line of credit was that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad, and that to be able to in full exercise this ration right is that he must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in a free and open encounter. It is in Miltons pamphlet Areopagitica and other literary productions that the concept of the open marketplace of ideas was developed. This is the idea that when people argue against each other, the good arguments will check resulting to good judgment and decisions.2. Well-being of the society and its creation to becoming a good society. According to John Stuart Mill (an English philosopher, political economistand civil servant) with his 19th century utilitarian viewpoint that a good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible core of happiness. And that attaining this amount of happiness is to apply the general principles of liberty to freedom of expression. Mill further stated that if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth.As expressed in his book On indecency If all homo minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more cleanified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. In the words of the Committee to Protect Journalist Without a free press, few human rights are attainable. A strong press freedom environment encourages the growth of a robust civil society, which leads to stable, sustainable democracies and healthy social, political, and economic development.3. Attai nment of information from a diversity of sources, Decision making, and communication to the government. Rather than having the government establish and dictate the truth, freedom of speech enables the truth to emerge from diverse opinions. Concurring in Whitney v. atomic number 20 (1927), Justice Louis Brandeis wrote that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth.4. Facilitation of Majority Rule.On a communal level, it is through talking and host information that we encourage consensus, that we form a collective will. Whether the answers we reach are wise or foolish, free speech facilitates us ensure that the answers usually conform to what most people think. As stated by the World Association of Newspapers We have seen repeatedly throughout the world, that censorship and control of information serves the interest of a privileged few the rule of law is negatively affected, human rights ignored and impunity and corruption unchecked. In contrast, a free, diverse and responsible media promotes transparency and accountability, informs public debate and helps to ensure governments address the concerns and aspirations of all citizens.5. Improvement of the way of Participation.On an individual level, speech and gathering information is the vehicle through which individuals debate the issues of the day, cast their votes, and actively plug in in the processes of decision-making that shape the polity. Free speech serves the individuals right to join the political fray, to go up and be counted, to be an active player in the democracy and not just a passive spectator.6. Embrace of the aspect of individualismIn the words of Justice Thurgood Marshall in the 1974 case Procunier v. Martinez, The First Amendment serves not only the needs of the polity but also those of the human spirit a spirit that demands self-expression. Freedom of speech is the right to defiantly, robustly and irreve rently speak ones mind just because it is ones mind. Freedom of speech is thus bonded in special and unique ways to the human depicted object to think, imagine and create. Conscience and consciousness are the sacred precincts of mind and soul.Freedom of speech is intimately linked to freedom of thought, to that central capacity to reason and wonder, hope and believe, that largely defines our humanity. (NOTE The US First Amendment states that relation shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.)WITH GREAT indicator COMES GREAT RESPONSIBILITYOn a recent article on lincoln.edu about Freedom of the Speech and Freedom of Press it stated that the freedom of the press, like freedom of speech, is not absolute. Notwithstanding the limitations placed on it, the press exercises spacious power and form, and is burdened with commensurate responsibility. Because journalists generally have access to more information than does the average out individual, they serve as the eyes, ears, and voice of the public. Some legal scholars even argue that the press is an important essence in the democratic system of checks and balances. The job of a free press, the article added is to keep an eye on the government, to make sure it stays honest and responsive to the people of the country.Afree press also has an important role in government. Sometimes called the Fourth Branch of Government (as well as the President, Congress and the Supreme Court) the press does not simply report events. Teodoro, et al. further stated that the press and media have had an progressively influential impact on public policy, governmental decisions and popular attitudes. And by all means, Ill end with FREEDOM CAN ONLY SURVIVE IN A SOCIETY THAT DEMANDS IT THOSE WHO STAY SILENT depart FOREVE R BE HAUNTED BY ITS GHOST THAT FADES IN THE LIGHT OF FEAR AND BLIND CONFORMITY.Freedom of the PressOur most important amendment , The First Amendment allows we the people to voice our opinions, obtain and publish information and opinions without the timidity of government retribution. Infringing on freedom of the press is included in Americas greatest amendment. Although freedom of the press allows an endless amount of information abroad, It also allows for the use of propaganda. Freedom of the Press doesnt protect slander.When Freedom of the Press was added, it was to ensure that the government wouldnt censor the peoples opinions in newspapers and to expose schemes and information that some people might want hidden. Framers also wanted to sure Americans could continue to make informed decisions on how their nation is run. Without freedom of the press, the government could have also limited who could be a journalist , as well as be the only organization allowed to make newspapers. The only information that cannot be obtained through the media is information that is obscene or classified because it could compromise the very future of America. Information that cannot be leaked are things like nuclear secrets.Most nations protects its best national interest by making sure classified information is not spread to those that could take advantage. Most of us use our freedom of the press right and we dont even know. Everytime you go on the internet to look something up. If the internet was made before the first amendment it would probably be censored and regulated by the government more harshly than it already is. The government doesnt care about opinions posted but it mostly removes copyrighted materials and illegal activities. Propaganda ensures the people only get the information the government wants them to have.The government often uses propaganda in harsh times, like times of war to get the people to help support the war effort. Freedom of the press can be abus ed ensure that everybody thinks in the way the government wants, all forms of information were controlled. Otherwise, the government leaders could be voted against and administration. Before the internet, it was easier for the government to use propaganda but with the internet they would have to go through a lot more censoring. Although freedom of the pressdoesnt protect slander, that doesnt mean pretended information cannot get printed in the newspaper.Peoples reputation could be damaged and once false information is printed in a newspaper, it cant be taken out of the peoples minds. Journalists can just tell half of a story and no one would be able to go against him or speak out In the court case People v. Croswell that happened in 1804, Harry Croswell was convicted for printing a story critiquing President Thomas Jefferson in his newspaper. His defense was that what he printed was the truth. You cant be retributed for acknowledging the truth. If Croswell made false accusations ag ainst the president, he would have been sentenced for slander, it is not ok to lie on a persons reputation.Freedom of the press expanded more than framers could have ever imagined, its literal meaning ended up adapting to new forms of media as needed. The Framers never expected that it could end up protecting rights on the internet. Because of the Lovell v. City of Griffin case in 1938 the freedom of the press right has been extended to media including newspapers, books, plays, movies, and video games. On May 16th of 2013 the Senate Judiciary proposed a new bill in the Senate, S.987, euphemistically titled, Free Flow of Information Act of 2013. The bill was an attempt to change who can be considered a journalist by not allowing citizen journalists to voice their opinions in the press. journalists would have had to be hired by the government which would have lowered current protection in the first Amendment.I appreciate the Freedom of the press and i am glad that it has Freedom of th e Press, along with the other Freedoms that it protects. Freedom of the press isnt perfect, as seen in World War II when both sides used propaganda to get their point across, America used posters to influence people to buy war bonds, and get men to want to join the army, while Germany engaged in propaganda Hitler took over the press, he spread lies blaming Jews for all of Germanys problems. Even Though freedom of the press isnt perfect, i distillery appreciate one of our greatest freedoms, without it we would be living a censored life.

A play written by J. B. Priestly Essay

An Inspector Calls, a play written by J. B. Priestly in 1945. He bewilder his play in 1912 just before the First World War. It is a story of the visit by an Inspector to an apparently normal family, the birlings. The circumvolves are celebrating their daughter Shelias engagement to Gerald Croft. Mr. birl a in(predicate) factory owner gets the ball rolling with a speech, which he gives to his son Eric, and Gerald Croft. J. B Priestly makes veracious use of dramatic irony in this speech because many events took place after 1912, which we the modern audience, last about but Mr. Birling doesnt.Mr. Birling mentioned that the miners came out on a strike and there would be possible labour trouble in the near future. He said that there wouldnt be any more worries about the strikes. only when in 1926 we see that there was a General suck in Britain. He talks about the Titanic being a spectacular ship with all(prenominal) luxury and it is absolutely unsinkable. But as we know in 1912 the Titanic sunk on maiden voyage and 1,513 lives were lost. He also mentioned about the wars not happening. He said that the Germans dont involve war. But in 1914 the First World War broke out.He said that there would peace of mind and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere but in 1917 there was revolution in Russia. In 1939 the Second World War broke out and in 1945 the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan. This makes the audience doubtfulness Mr Birling early on in the play. When Mr. Birling finishes his speech the Inspector enters into the scene. The Inspector is at the Birlings because there was a death of a woman Eva Smith and he had come to aim questions about her. Mr. Birling was the first person that we were lead to believe started off the train of events that ultimately led to the death of Eva Smith.Mr. Birling had ravaged Eva Smith from his factory after she started to cause trouble demanding higher wages. Mr Birling says that any man in his position would have don e the same. She was making trouble as Mr. Birling said, She had a lot to say far too much so she had to goi. But the only matter that Mr. Birling cared about was his family and the progress of his business. He didnt care about his workers and he didnt know them. As he says in Act 1 I have a couple of c workers under me, who keep changing.So there wasnt a personal relationship amidst these two until after the workers came back from their holidays that they were asking for a pay rise. As Mr. Birling wouldnt, he sacked the ringleaders and one of them was Eva Smith. Now that Eva was sacked she was out of work for two months. She had no money and she was half starved. She had no one to help her. Her parents had died so they couldnt offer any help and her friends had nothing to offer her. But then again it wasnt the end of the world and she was capable of getting another job as we find out.

Sexual Harassment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexual Harassment - Assignment ExampleNed is misusing this authority and ask Maria to give her sexual favors which is illegal.The case would have been illegal if Ned was not a probation officer. With Ned as a probation officer, the case is both illegal and immoral. In this role, Ned has certain responsibilities towards the society and the justice system but he is misusing the situation.The best course of action would be to confront Ned. It is rumored that Ned has not done this for the first time. While antecedently Neds actions were just rumors, now there is concrete evidence against Ned.To deal with this situation, I would recommend art Ned personally and mentioning the rumors. He should be made aware that some probationers have made complaints against him and those complaints would be called into accountability.The side by side(p) step would be to call a meeting with all concerned parties in the institute. The case should be handed over to them so that they evaluate the situation more openly. I would not recommend draw near the regional supervisor personally. Rather a committee should be formed. This committee should take serious and stiff action against Ned. It is clear that Ned should be terminated from the job immediately.Such an action is important to set an standard on other probation officers. It is only because Maria has complained formally that the issue is getting attention. There would have been other probationers who would be wrongly used and taking serious actions would deter potential sexual harassment issues from arising.Inculcating the wideness of developing a moral code of conduct with the probationers. The probation officer should be notified as to what constitutes an illegal or immoral act. The officer should be made aware of the implications of committing such actsThe institute should develop a nothing tolerance policy against sexual harassment cases. Such cases should immediately be handled by

How have oil prices affected our economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How have oil scathes unnatural our economy - try ExampleThis abnormal worldwide condition reduces the value the purchasing power of money and it buys less than it previously did.Hovering at $130 a barrel in June of 2008, oil price has fast become a central problem affecting global politics. Nations with oil supplies recognize the scarcity and importance of oil and have intercourse with any government and the proceeds may be lost either to corruption or may deprive other countries of a much-needed development. It is a huge investment (oil), that some governments use this as leverage for threats and financial advancement.As this has become a global phenomenon, the increasing oil prices have been felt more(prenominal) signifi commodetly in the airline industry and other industries as well. The high burn prices have affected the number of cities major airlines serve as they battle to rise above the oil crisis. Jet fuel prices prompted an airline caller-up (the Alaska Air) to e ven end its international flights on July of this year to curb the costs of maintaining its company afloat on a floundering market availability of oil alone (Oil and Gasoline, 2008). One can fairly observe the downtrend of most flights in commercial air service as well as this also affected through rising air fares where traditionally, air fares are cheap and commuter-friendly. This turmoil in aviation trickled even in earnings projection that foresee a collapsing and a bleak revenue outlook until next year. Due to these developments, airlines have been forced to cut jobs on their employees thereby increasing the statistics on unemployment and job security of employees is waning. The oil surge is spreading economic gloom as thousands turn loose after companies dependent on oil such as the airline industry struggle to build up ends meet and stay afloat in the business.As the shocked employees of airlines investors and airlines companies affected by the oil price increase

Kiowa song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kiowa song - Essay Example gibe the legends, Kiowa belonged to the Yellowstone River territories in Western Montana from where they migrated to the Black Hills. Their goal primarily centered on their associations with the Buffalo. Nearly all aspects of Kiowa behavior had internalized overawe. For instance, their tepees, clothes, and moccasins were all prepared with buffalo skin. They used the whole buffalo for several daily life functions. In addition, buffalo had been central to Kiowa religion which is expressed in many rituals. For instance, Sun Dance, healing prayers, and ritualistic songs are strongly associated with Kiowa quest and honor for great buffalo herds (Hager). During nineteenth century, Kiowa culture was devastated by buffalo herd obliteration on Great Plains. With exceeding buffalo hunt by professional hunters, Kiowa culture and religion were also crushed. Buffalo hide served as a precursor of modern art tradition as Kiowas used it as their canvases for recording the intricate details, story, and drawings of the fall of nomadic culture. In their experience with white culture, imprisoned Kiowa warriors expressed their nostalgia and sorrow to ledger-book drawings. These drawings were acknowledged by white culture as expatiate roots of Indian art (Hager). Kiowa songs and dances originated from the tribal tradition and experiences of death and life.

TEM, SEM, EDS in Electron Microscopy Coursework - 1

TEM, SEM, EDS in Electron Microscopy - Coursework ExampleA selected ara aperture is inserted into the bum focal plane of the objective crystalline lens to select the required charge. When the direct burn is selected, a bright knit image is formed, and when the diffracted beam is selected, a dark field of study image is formed. pearlescent field image The given up micrograph shows a bright field image of a MgO crystallisation. The crystal archetype appears dark with a bright background. The background appears bright because only the direct beam of transmitted electrons is selected and allow to pass through the aperture. The surface topology and the raised texture on top of the crystal are clearly observable. This kind of image is engendered by placing the objective diaphragm or the selected area aperture in the back focal plane of the objective lens. The aperture allows an only direct beam to pass through while blockade the diffracted beam. The direct beam appears as a bright central spot. The aperture also maintains the collection angle. As seen in the ray diagram below, the objective aperture blocks the diffracted beam, allowing only the transmitted beam to reach the image plane. Darkfield image The given micrograph shows a dark field image of a MgO crystal. The crystal specimen appears lighter than the background. The background is dark. The edges of the crystal are highly pronounced. ...In case of the dark field imaging, also called as the central dark field operation, the selected area aperture is not shifted, but the incident beam is tilted to allow the scattered electrons in the diffracted beam to pass through the objective aperture. A collective ray diagram for both bright field and dark field imaging is given below Selected Area Diffraction Pattern The given micrograph shows the selected area diffraction radiation diagram of a MgO crystal. The lattice structure of the crystal is easily decipherable from the given SAED pattern. Diffractio n from a single crystal in a polycrystalline sample can be captured if the aperture is small enough and the crystal is monolithic enough. To obtain such a pattern, the selected area aperture is placed in the image plane of the objective lens and used to select only one part of the image. Using projector lenses to focus on electron beams to obtain small spots on the object surface, the diffraction patterns can be obtained. Using this pattern, the lattice of crystals can be easily studied and it is also possible to determine the orientation relationships between grains or even antithetical phases. 2. (a) From a lattice image obtained from a single crystal of BaZrO3 (Fig. 4) determine the magnification. Compare this with the magnification obtained utilize the scale bar.

The Story of an Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Story of an Hour - hear ExampleTo Mrs. Mallard, this was a bending of her wills that she did not agree with. If 1 looks closely at the relevance of the aforementioned(prenominal) heart annoy of the main character, it could be seen that the issue in the marriage is the real heart trouble and not the physical condition of the character.After Mrs. Mallards emotional period, she went to her room alone and was met by an open window and comfortable, roomy armchair where she sank. The room is a representation of the private thoughts of Mrs. Mallard where no one entered except her, a condition she was forced to be in because if she told other people, she might be dubbed as rebellious or could be seriously misunderstood. The roomy armchair could portray how comfortably Mrs. Mallard could be with herself, feel honestly into her desires without any condemnation so that she freely thought of all the freedom she could enjoy straight off that her husband is dead. The open window represen ts what the character considers as her way of escape from the marriage that bent her