Immigration and Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Immigration and Population Growth EssayImmigration is when someone or people move to a land from another orbit. It merchantman be due to various purposes uniform a student going for study, getting married to a national of another body politic or to take up an employment. Immigration has been known to cause population growth. Population growth is the quantifiable change of population in an area. Immigration can be defined into two that of higher(prenominal) skilled personnel and that of low skilled personnel. Economic impacts of immigration depend on the skills of immigration. The impacts are felt by both the country from which the people are moving from and the country they are going to. Negative Impacts Immigration and population growth causes scarcity of resources. Economics tired definition is the allocation of scarce resources among competing ends. Immigration and population growth makes the task more difficult because it create more competing ends thereof bad econom ic outcome. In other terms if there are more people living in the same land with the same amount of resources then there volition be fewer resources and land available per person thus less wealth.There is in any case overburdening on the infrastructure talk of roads, social amenities like water, hospital beds and others. They existing facilities cannot cope with the increasing population growth before we put into consideration immigration (Holzer, 2005). Immigration and population growth cause bribe decrease, this is due to increased labor supply. An increase in labor supply relative to capital supply and supply of natural resources will in a free labor market cause wages to fall.Unemployment is the other major impact of immigration the local residents miss jobs to the immigrants who come to their country. These create more take a chance of unemployment. Shortage of affordable housing, this may lead to people living from hand to mouth due to increased cost of living. It in turn reduces chances of investments. Most of the income goes to up keep hence little savings and investment. Environmental humiliation due to the huge population growth results to massive loss of biodiversity and wide spread degradation of the landscape.This leads to salinity of t he soil and topsoil erosion this have adverse effects on the productivity of the nation. All these have impacts on the sparing in that no people can work while hungry and food is a key element of economic development. If reduced it causes a lineage in the work output hence on income of a nation (Nilsson, 2005). Positive Impacts Immigration and population growth produce increased and cheap labor. galore(postnominal) business and public service make use of the skills and hard work of immigrants. Immigrants may never mind the amount of work they do and money they are being paid.This increases the productivity of a county in that they work for more hours and do the kind of jobs the normal civilians of a nation may not be willing to take. This increased productivity improves the income levels of a country hence the living standards are increased. The immigrants are paid declined wages due to saturation of laborers in the market hence the cost of production is low this leads to increased profit to the industries hence to the nation. Immigration increases the economy in terms of labor demand, thus creating new vacancies.Immigration improves the modal value of life of the residents of the country they move to they carry out duties that are a bother to the residents like dish washing, cooking, laundry work and many more. Immigration of high skilled personnel fills the labor and skills shortages. These increase the productivity of a country.The skills also improve existing skills and train others hence labor force of a country and reduced threat of immigration (Rowthorn, 2004). Conclusion In conclusion immigration and population growth are interrelated and are beneficial though they also have negative impacts.The benefits depends on the type of skill immigrating.References Holzer, H. J. , (2005) Economic Impacts of Immigration. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from http//www. urban. org/UploadedPDF/900908_Holzer_111605. pdf Nilsson, T. , (2005) Negative economic impacts of immigration and population growth. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from http//www. pc. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/9572/sub009. pdf Rowthorn, R. , (2004) The Economic Impact of Immigration. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from http//www. civitas. org. uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration. pdf

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried EssayIn the short essay The Things They Carried the setting takes place during the Vietnam War. First Lieutenant prize cover and his troops ar assigned different missions, one of which is to look for the enemies in tunnels. After five minutes, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross moved to the tunnel, leaned down, and examined the darkness (p. 597). Throughout the trading floor the narrator gives a background on the war and describes the different things the troops have to suffer with them, both physical and emotional baggage. The Vietnam War began in 1959. The United States declared a war against Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. Many young man were drafted most of them did non want to go to war. Once they were at war they did not want to leave the war if they could not move, they stayed to fight the enemy. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the bang of dishonor (p. 598 ).Everyone in the war wanted to survive, so they had to carry everything they needed to stay alive. The story constantly lists the physical baggage the troops have to carry with them. Among the necessities or near-necessities were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy, cigarettes, salt tablets, packets of Kool-Aid, lighters, matches, sewing kits, Military Payment Certificates, C rations, and two or three canteens of piddle (p. 596). Some troops took things with them that they did not really need and made their baggage heavier.Along with physical baggage, the troops carried emotional baggage. After Ted lilac died, Lieutenant Cross felt like it was his fault and he should have cared about his troops more than Martha. He had loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence Lavender was now dead, and this was something he would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war (p. 599). The story d oes not describe lots of what other troops emotional baggage was, but just like every other soldier in combat they all had something that troubled them.The story ends with the Lieutenant Cross hating Martha and becoming stricter with his troops. He did not want to lose another soldier because of some girl, and he understood that the troops might not favor him as much, but it was for their well-being. Among men there would be grumbling, of course, and maybe worse because their days would seem longer and their loads heavier, but Lieutenant Jimmy Cross reminded himself that his obligation was not to be loved but to lead (p. 606).

A Biography Of Booker T Washington History Essay

A Biography Of Booker T uppercase History sampleBirth, Parents and Family LifeThe well known clich, bad commencements have good endings, resonates in ones mind when this name is mentioned. Booker T. capital of the United Statess life, undoubtedly encapsulate this well-known phrase as throughout his life evidence proves how he grew and became rattling successful.Booker Taliaferro chapiters life began on April 5th, 1856 where he was born into sla very on the Burroughs Plantation in the rural, Hales Ford, Virginia. He had three siblings, one of whom was adopted. His yield Jane was an enslaved African American woman who naturaliseed as a cook on the plantation. His father was a white man, whom he k raw very little about. His mother later married another slave, capital of the United States Ferguson, who left field to for West Virginia.Early LifeWashingtons early life was that of a slave where he lived in a small cabin and slept on a dirt floor with precisely a pallet that was put on the ground for his comfort. option was a struggle as his mother Jane from metre to time would take a chicken or an egg from her masters and cook them during the night ripe to feed her children. From an early age, Booker knew what exertion entailed and began working quite young. One of his duties was to carry sacks of corn to the mill on the back of a horse. Sometimes when a sack fell on the ground he had to wait for hours for someone to come and replace it on the horses back.Washingtons discomfort of his living arrangement and hard labour as a child was mingled with the discomfort of his clothes and shoes. Until his shirt was worn for six weeks, Washington had to bear the pain from his flax material shirt which pricked his skin. The discomfort was so great that once his brother offered to wear his shirt until it got a bit softer. His shoes also were uncomfortable as his first pair of shoes had timberland as its sole and coarse leather tops.EducationAlthough he went to shal low while he was a slave, Booker T. Washingtons education only began when his family was freed of slavery. In Washingtons time, it was unratified for slaves to go to school and be educated. However, Washington went to school with James Burroughs daughter in Franklin County, not as a student notwithstanding to carry her books. It was only when the Emancipation Proclamation in April, 1865, Washington now nine, was read to the jubilant slaves that Booker was able to spread his wings a bit. Washington, his siblings and mother soon left the plantation with a wagon that his stepfather displace for them to join with him in Malden, West Virginia.Because of the state of poverty that the family was faced with, Washington could not have had a conventionality schooling experience. Instead, at the tender age of nine, Washington was thrust into the world of work. His stepfather, who worked in the flavour mines, found work for him and his brother at a salt mine that began at four in the morni ng and ended at nine. Sometimes they even worked at coal mines. One Mr. William Davis opened a school for coloured children. Bookers parents allowed him to go but on the condition that he maintain his job. As Booker worked in the morning period, he was now able to see to it school later in the day but returned to the mine after school.After a few eld, Booker had to leave the school in assemble to work fulltime in the coal mine but his mother found him another job. He was taken in as a houseboy by a wealthy family, General Lewis Ruffner. The wife was very strict on him but very encouraging. He proved his trustworthiness to her while he stayed with her for four years and saw her as one of his best friends.It was at this point that Booker learned about a school, Hampton Institute, where black students can get an education, paying their fashion by working. He saved up some money from his labour at the mines and in 1872, at sixteen, when he had honourable about saved bountiful mone y, Booker left for Hampton. The road to Hampton was not an easy one. He walked the way but stopped for a few days, sleeping under a clop sidewalk during the night and loading a ship with food items during the day to raise more money to buy food.When Booker finally arrived at Hampton he was first denied entrance into the school because of his appearance, but soon impressed the head teacher with his janitorial skills and continued doing these services to pay for his school expenses. It was during one summer of his studies that his mother died while he was on his summer vacation. He still went on to spend three years there, graduating in 1875 at age nineteen.Life as an Adult His Marriages and FamilyBooker was married three times. The first of the three came just after moving to Tuskegee in 1882, when he married his childhood sweetheart Fannie Smith. From this coupling one daughter, Portia, came in 1883. Unfortunately, one year following the birth of their daughter, Fannie died unexpe ctedly. Washington remarried in 1985 to Olivia Davidson who was also working at the Tuskegee Institute as an assistant principal. The new couple had two boys, Booker Jr. and Earnest however, Olivia only remained with him for four years before she also died. Washington soon got married again for the triplet time to Margaret Murray, a teacher at Tuskegee, in 1893 but the couple had no children however she helped with her stepchildren. Margaret died ten years after Washington in 1925. Washington credited each of his wives for their contribution to the Tuskegee Institute.Where he lived and workedBy now, Booker T. Washington was developing into an adult, being able to sustain himself. Washington was a strong promote of education and believed that through education, the quality of his hoi polloi could be improved. Due to the strong belief that he maintained, when he graduated, Booker moved back to his hometown, Malden, to teach, but fagged only a short time there pedagogics eighty to ninety children in the day, adults in the night and two Sunday schools. However, during the short time at the school, Washington support students to attend the Hampton Institute and sent his two brothers, John and James, to school. Washingtons time at this school was soon up when he was leased by General Armstrong, the principal of Hampton, as a member of the faculty and a postgraduate student. Washingtons now taught classes at nights for students who could not attend classes in the day, inform also a group of seventy five Indian boys.His AccomplishmentsNow at twenty five, in 1881, Washington was recommended by General Armstrong to a large(p) white man in Tuskegee who wanted to establish a school for black children in that town. Mr. Armstrong recommended Washington for the position to spearhead the establishment however when he arrived in Alabama Washington found out that no provisions were made for acquiring lands or buildings. He also found that the only mount for the school was two thousand five hundred for teachers salary which was given by the state legislature as a favour to the black heap who had supported a politician. Although throughout the early years, the institute was able to survive on gifts of individuals, Washington was still faced with the challenges maintaining the school even at the beginning where he had to locate an appropriate location for the school and building of the campus. However, Washington was soon able to purchase farmland that amounted to two thousand acres where he established the school. Two small buildings were converted there were no equipment and hardly any money. All the students had to work in addition to their academic studies. Some of the activities the students in use(p) in were chopping of trees, making bricks, building furniture, clearing lands and constructing buildings. Classes were opened with thirty students and what was taught developed the students, teaching them both trades and professions.Ten years la ter in 1891, now 35, the grounding had matured into a campus which boasted of over five hundred and forty acres of land, some well equipped buildings, thousands of students, over two hundred faculty members teaching thirty eight trades and professions. Booker T. Washington was taught the skill of public speaking by one of his teachers during his years at Hampton. The lessons Ms. Nathalie Lord taught him made him a very eloquent speaker and he used this to propel his efforts bringing many benefits to the Tuskegee Institution.To add to Booker T. Washingtons accomplishment, in 1895, Washington was asked to speak at the opening of the cotton wool State Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia which was a major accomplishment for an African American. In his speech, later referred to as the Atlanta Compromise, Washington encouraged blacks and whites to work together and explained his idea that African Americans can secure their place in the society through their own economic and moral development and not by legal and political changes. Washingtons belief was not accepted by all African Americans as some feared that some may fight against them for their want of couple rights. However, the whites approved of his views and helped to bring the programs he envisioned to fruit. He was later given an honorary degree by the Harvard University in 1896.One year after his speech, in 1896, Washington was able to acquire funding for an appendage of his institution. He opened an agriculture school with the help of the Slater Fund for blackness Education. At this extension school, George Washington Carver was entrusted to lead the school, many other people who were interested in the education of the blacks helped and the school flourished.Contributions to SocietyThe Tuskegee Institute still educate people today, and in addition to this, Booker T. Washington also instituted a variety of programs for rural extension work. He also helped to set up the National Negro Business League. Altho ugh Booker was selected to be named to a cabinet post, he refused, stating that he preferred not to be involved in politics.It was not until 1901 that Booker T. Washington promulgated his autobiography, Up from Slavery of which the profits were given towards strengthening the economic stability of the Tuskegee Institute. It was in this same year that Washington was invited to the White House by the president at the time, Theodore Roosevelt, the first African American to be recognized in this magnitude. He was also privileged to have tea with Queen capital of Seychelles during a visit to Europe.By1904 Washington was now forty eight and became very influential in many political decisions, becoming the advocate and key consultant to the African American community. Through the use of the black newspapers and other publications Washington was able to create good public relations for his causes. Washington however refused to be a part of a race relations conference that was the driving f orce for the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP). Washington was sceptical of the motives behind the conference fearing that it may be of a combative nature however, the elections of Woodrow Wilson in 1912 caused Washington to change the way he spoke. After guarantee in his campaign that he will fight for equal rights of the African Americans, Wilson never follow through on his promises. This caused Washington to surprise everyone when he published an article whose tone was similar to the militant black leaders of the time. in time with this change, many still believed that Booker had done more than he was credited for or that was recognized by others.How he was RenownedThe key contributing factor that distinguishes Booker T. Washington from all other African American advocates was his approach. Although he believed in equality, the method in which he used to achieve it was quite different from any other. Washingtons approach was not confrontational, as was the approach of many at the time. He realized that being confrontational would only be to his disadvantage, and worked in a way to develop and maintain the support of the white people who were instrumental in fulfilling many of his ideas. He believed that success for blacks can only come through economic stability using mainly vocational training. Washington was unlike his critics such(prenominal) as Fredrick Douglass and W.E.B Du Bois who protested, challenged the political system and spoke up about the lack of equality. Instead he saw these militant actions as distractions to economic success and encouraged blacks to concentrate on developing industrial skills.Booker was also known for his capability to raise funds for the Institution, which when coupled with his ability to speak made many individuals give generously to Tuskegee because of his clarity of expression for how the school can help blacks make a better life for themselves.Through education, Washi ngton, more than any other, helped to advertize his people. He is therefore best remembered for freeing African Americans from the economic slavery that kept them bondage even after they were physically and legally freed from slavery.His DeathEven at the gates of his death, Washington remained a fighter as he continued to principal the Tuskegee Institute. Washingtons body was deteriorating. He collapsed in New York where he was sent back to Tuskegee. On November 14th 1915 his body could bear no more and he passed on. Although at first it was assumed that he died of heart failure out-of-pocket to exhaustion, it was later confirmed when in March 2006, with the permission of the descendants, the examination of his medical records showed that he died of hypertension with a blood pressure more than twice the formula range. Washington was finally laid to rest on the grounds of the Tuskegee Institute near to the chapel.Reason for my ChoiceIn a society where there is s thirst for good ma le role models, I found it a pleasure reading about Booker T. Washington and making him my choice for my biography. Washington was an individual whose life I can emulate and imbibe. First of all he was a black man who started life by measly representation however, he did not allow him to hinder his determination. Washington pressed forward and at his death he was financially secure, had a family and was well renowned. He was very intelligent and used this ability for good causes. The exceptional qualities that surrounded Washington are those that I would like to portray in my life hence my final reason for my choice or Mr. Booker T. Washington.How he has affected my LifeThe life of Booker T. Washington has greatly affected me in many domineering ways. I now look at life differently since his life is truly a testimony that it is not about how your life begins but how you descend to end it. I am also encouraged to face any challenges that are put before me. Washington faced a numb er of challenges, but although at times he may have been disappointed, he did not allow that to keep him down but instead rose from the challenge to amaze an even greater person. From his life I was also encouraged to look out for others and to show more humanitarianism to my fellowmen. For me it can begin at home, just as it began at home for Washington. When he started working, he was able to send his two brothers to school which to me if very commendable.Booker T. Washington has therefore proven to be a person worth emulating, and once this is done success would come my way.

The Inspiration Of Art In Architecture

The Inspiration Of Art In computer architectureThe essay investigates the inspiration of invention in architecture and the colligate and interchanges betwixt them in the late sixties and early seventies with emphasis on the exchanges between fantasyual prowess and architecture. The basic assumption of the essay is that the plastered conceptualisation that characterised conceptual maneuverist was transferred into whateverwhat advanced architectural practices during the late sixties and early seventies. It also discusses about the parameters on which the inspirations are carried further to figure process in terms of cast conditions. During this process of trans chassising the art to a design, it passes through the process of adding architectural characteristics. So the essay seeks, how further is the design interpreted and if it still has the essence of the original art from which it was inspired. The text examines relations and inequalitys between artist colloidal suspensi on Lewitt and architect Peter Eisenman in reference with a hardly a(prenominal) of Eisenmans past plant life and argues that this discussion is still relevant to current practices exploring the potentials of digital based design through the use of parametrics, scripting etc.INTRODUCTIONDesign should do the same occasion in everyday life that art does when encountered amaze us, s interest us or delight us, entirely sure as shooting open us to new worlds within our daily existence. 1 Aaron BetskyWhile both art and design tush perform a similar role, there is a unadorned difference between the two. Art is unladen by boundaries, whereas design takes on the added responsibility of performing a function. The ch every(prenominal)enge of design is to try and meet the lofty thought processls of art temporary hookup remaining utilitarian. The artists mesh freed from practicality is more agile and able to freely explore concepts and bases that will open us to new worlds. Artists a re the scientists who look for and campaign concepts designers are the engineers who translate those discoeries into everyday life.Architects, as designers of spaces, washstand learn valuable lessons from artists. The same principles that have been tested and found successful in art can become a part of the built environment. Why not have colorful buildings that explode organically like Dale Chihulys glass pass aways? i1If nothing else, sounding at art should remind architects of the delicious possibilities of architecture. This is especially primary(prenominal) today, when architecture t blocks too heavily to contendd return.CONCEPTUAL ARTI will refer to the mannikin of art in which I am involved as conceptual art. In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are make beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machin e that makes the art. This kind of art is not theoretical or illustrative of theories it is intuitive, it is involved with all types of mental processes and it is purposeless. It is ordinarily free from the dependence on the skill of the artist as a craftsman. It is the objective of the artist who is concerned with conceptual art to make his work mentally interesting to the spectator, and therefore usually he would want it to become emotionally dry. 2 Sol LewittBy Conceptual art I mean work that firstly makes the immaterial ideas that find out its artistic concepts and than secondary its object status and method of production. By conceptual architecture I mean that work which tries to do what conceptual art does magic spell retaining nearly of the distinctive characteristics of architecture.Sol Lewitt (1928-2007) was a painter and sculptor who helped establish Conceptualism as a dominant art movement in the post war era. He was chosen for this study, first and foremost, becaus e he had a similar relationship with his works that an architect does he planned the pieces unless entrusted their execution to others. This distance meant his works were less dependent on rendering techniques to be successful. In this regard, his works are a step closer to architecture than many artists. Another terra firma LeWitt was selected was his interest in a conceptual art, rather than a perceptual art. The way his pieces looked was important, but not as important as the concept that created them. Architecture deals with environments, which are inherently perceptual, so moving to a conceptual understanding of architecture, seemed to be an interesting challenge and worthwhile pursuit.Many of Sol LeWitts works were never seen by the artist until their exhibition. As an artist he was revolutionary in that he rarely executed his own works, entirely because it was unnecessary. Sol LeWitts written instructions for his wall murals are specific about how they are to be produced . For LeWitt, the role of the artist is to create the concept not the object, or in other words, the concept is the art.Applying the idea of a conceptual art to architecture can be a significant challenge. The wellknown American architect and theorist Peter Eisenman explains the challenges succinctlyIt is thinkable to say that while a conceptual art and a conceptual architecture could be similar in an idea state, there is an inherent difference when it comes to the realized object. Where a conceptual art object can remain in a more pure state, for example as a mathematical notation, built architecture takes on cultural, pragmatic, and semantic references. Thus the conceptual aspect of an architecture cannot be defined by what is conceptual in, say, painting and sculpture.11These thoughts are reflect by Sol LeWitt Architecture and three-dimensional art are of completely opposite natures. The former is concerned with making an area with a specific function. Architecture, whether it is a work of art or not, must be utilitarian or else fail completely. Art is not utilitarian. When three-dimensional art starts to take on some of the characteristics, such as forming utilitarian areas, it weakens its function as art.12Is it then inappropriate to create architecture based solely on concept? Especially when the utility of the space is compromised? If utilitarian concerns are allowed to alter or compromise a space, both Eisenman and LeWitt would agree that work is no longer conceptual. To avoid compromising the artistic concept both LeWitt and Eisenman have decided to make art instead of architecture. The difference being that Eisenman insists on using buildings as his medium buildings which must to some extent lend themselves to the uses for which they were constructed. By turning his back conceptually on utility, and yet allowing it to happen, his concepts are polluted by the interference.Conceptual art is not necessarily logical. The logic of a piece or series of pieces is a device that is employ at times, only to be ruined. Logic may be used to camouflage the real intent of the artist, to lull the mantrap into the belief that he understands the work, or to infer a paradoxical situation (such as logic vs. illogic). or so ideas are logical in conception and illogical perceptually. The ideas need not be complex. Most ideas that are successful are ludicrously simple.16The interesting thing is that this irony is really the only meaningful substance behind the work. When LeWitt talks about wanting the viewer to understand the concept behind the work, it appears that the concept is simply the set of rules that guided the actions. Discovering the rules is certainly mentally interesting, but only represents another layer of subjective decisions front loaded into the project. This superficial level of meaning can be seen in the work of several contemporary architects including Peter Eisenmans superimposed lines of influence.Conceptual arts focus on process during the 60s was an attempt to banish a number of conventions around the work of art art as reified totem, art as static shape, aesthetic white-tieism, the manual contribution of the artist to the work, and so on. However, the conjury of art in architecture had a rather disparate series of concerns. For instance, Peter Eisenmans citation of process art practices in his early house projects, while invoking LeWitts ideas, was ultimately attempting to mimic his forms.Conceptual architecture during the 70s thus neatly overlapped the International Style, minimalist aesthetics, and conceptual art strategies. Borrowing from Sol LeWitts and Lawrence Weiners arguments on the primacy of the generating idea over its material properties, Eisenmans notion of an autonomous architecture privileging form over construction gained currency in critical and academic circles.Sol LeWitt here describes his distinction between art and architecture Architecture and three-dimensional art are of completely opposite natures. The former is concerned with making an area with a specific function. Architecture, whether it is a work of art or not, must be utilitarian or else fail completely. Art is not utilitarian. When three-dimensional art starts to take on some of the characteristics of architecture such as forming utilitarian areas itweakens its function as art. When the viewer is dwarfed by the large size of a piece, this domination emphasizes the physical and emotive indicator of the form at the expense of losing the idea of the piece. In other words, art that becomes utilitarian does not make it architectural, only less convincing as art similarly, architecture that denies its utilitarian, practical nature is weak architecture.In answering these questions I have sought to investigate and elaborate upon a previously recognised correlativity between Eisenmans work and that of conceptual artists, Sol LeWitt in particular. The introduction of conceptual art raises issues of value in respect of the finished piece. That is it would seem that in work of a conceptual nature, the idea, can only be hindered by the existence of a final piece. The question that often arises is why, given the conflict it causes, bring the idea to a physical reality? If, as is usually the case, it is deemed necessary to realise the object what, if anything, should accompany the work to facilitate its understanding?During this period we find a particular fruitful exchange of ideas between artist and architects that is still relevant to current aesthetic thinking. The focus here is mainly on the architectural consequences and potentials of these exchanges (1). It is come-at-able to argue that an unbroken lineage of architectural thinking and designing runs right up to today. A number of current architectural practices that explores digitally based working methods seems to face some of the same conceptual and aesthetic challenges that conceptual artist such as for instance So l Lewitt was exploring. The article will attempt to shew out some of the still active and relevant questions. The aim of this investigation is not only to give an accurate account of a historically determined set of ideas. It is meet as much a starting point for an artistic development work that is fuelled by the investigations. This work is briefly presented at the end of the article. It is not to be seen as a solution or a conclusion to the questions that is raised during the article. The aim is rather to suggest an approach to architectural seek that includes academic as well as design based research without one part being seen as a justification for the other, but hopefully rather instigates a productive gap between the two. What makes architecture conceptual is that unlike art, it demands not only the primacy of intention to take something from the sensual to the intellectual realm, but also that this intention be present in the conceptual structure again, whether it is bui lt or not, is not at issue. 1 Peter D. EisenmanDesign Quarterly, nary(prenominal) 78/79, Conceptual Architecture (1970), pp. 1-5Published by Walker Art CenterThis section explores three concepts integral to the work of Sol LeWitt Concept, Series, and Reductivism.In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work.When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning anddecisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. Sol LeWittUlrik Schmidt has described the characteristics of minimal art as objectivity, non-illusionism and reality, an reckon-concrete appearance as well as non-expressionism and non-anthropomorphism using principles of consonance and uniformity, non-relationalism, instrumentalisation and, more profoundly, repetition. (2) Schmidt traces a desubjectivation in minimalist art. he describes an approach to the work of art where the artist withdraws from involvely influencing the work of art, creating, as Lewitt states it, a situation where all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. Through much modernist thinking runs an interest in objectivisation. Minimal art could be seen as the logicand extremeconclusion of some of modernisms basic assumptions, as well as an inherent criticism of these assumptions. (3) To a certain extent one powerfulness claim that this interval of conceptualisation and execution is how architects have been working at least since the academisation of architecture in the renaissance, when architects became detached from the directly involvement in the realisation of the works they designed. ostensibly the minimal arts movement investigates the consequences of this separation of conception and execution much further than the average architect, but it might still be one of the reasons for the fecund transfer of ideas from minimal art to architecture. Another reason could be that the formality and use of geometry that one find in the practices of artist such as Sol Lewitt or Robert Morris might have certain affinities to architecture. In any case there seems to be a parallel interest in conceptually articulated, overbearing manipulations of form of these artists and the architectural designs of Peter Eisenman and likeminded architects such as John Hejduk, Michael Graves and Richard Meier during the late sixties and early seventies. There are for instance obvious viridity traits between Lewitts art and Eisenmans architecture (Werner Petersen 1990 19).Lewitts drawings and sculptures are generated through rule based, straightforward transformations of simple geometrical figures. The series of transformed figures are systematically organised in matrixes that conclusively describes all the possible combinations of the operations. In this way the works of Lewitt seems to explore a dilemma between the transparent logic of the formal operations and the evident purposelessness of the result. Everything about the process is explained and understandable and yet the result seems to be without inherent meaning, at least if meaning is dumb as a specific insight or sensibility expressed through the work.Something similar characterises Peter Eisenmans early projects. They are peradventure less abstract, as they are based on a recognisable modernistic vocabulary utilising the formal analyses Eisenman made of modernist architects such as Terragni (Eisenman 2003). But the complex decomposition of Eisenman basically explores a similar and tip over lack of inherent meaning, even though the projects are at once paraphrasing, praising and mocking their modernist heritage.It seems to be an important point that the processes and transformational logic is readable in the work. In Sol Lewitts Variations of incomplete open cubes from 1974, every possible combination of the open cube is constructed and presented in a comprehensive scheme that makes it possible for anyone who would care to check, that all variations are present. This inclusive logic, where every possible variation of a finite series of possibilities is present without differentiation, is a way to eliminate any form of subjective choice or design decision from the realised work.One finds a similar logic in Eisenmans early architecture. house II from 1969-70 uses a nine-square grid that allows for a highly systematised series of transformations and superimpositions of columns, walls and volumes within the grid. Eisenmans design process is obviously more complex than Lewitts. In Lewitts art pieces the ordering principle is cosmopolitanly immediately readable. It points didactically to the logic that has constructed the piece. Eisenmans process is more convoluted and plausibly only directly traceable by referring to the laborious complex drawings that accompany the publish project, even though the realised project displays obvious traces of the process. This complexity might be partl y relating to the requirements of a habitable structure. But more importantly it is probably related to an exploration of the syntax of architectural space. For Eisenman geometry is not an abstract spatial system. It is already imbedded within an architectural tradition and Eisenman uses the systematic spatial transformations to break atomic reactor preestablished notions of spatial organisation in architecture. (4)Sol Lewitt seems to employ a more innocent notion of geometry. In his work geometry seems to be perceived as an abstract system devoid of connotations. It mainly serves as a vehicle that allows general conceptual ideas to enter into physical form. The properties and rules of geometry make it possible to develop and translate general principles. Lewitts frequent use of cubes might be understood as part of this approach. The orthogonal angles and equal length of the sides of the cube does not refer to an idealised geometry, but is rather considered as a default option unin fluenced by specific conditions or contexts. The white colours and anonymous materials further support this idea, hinting at standardisation and industrialised production. But even if this idea is easily understandable one could question whether Lewitt is successful in completely breaking any connotations and relations. The cubes might after all still refer to previous notions of a relation between ideal geometries and meaningful forma frequent belief throughout the history of architecture. crimson if these connotations are unintended by Lewitt, the vague recognisability might still be an important part of the fascination of his work. (5)The project that accompanies this article is part of an ongoing research by design project by the author. It could be thought of as a conclusion to the text. In this case it would of course not be understood as a summation of the findings of the paper and putting these findings into perspective of already existing research. It would rather be a con clusion in terms of nerve-racking to establish a relation between an analysis of and reflection on an existing body of work and a new work that tries to explore and expatiate some of the findings of the analysis. In this way the accompanying project could be considered as a continuous exploration of some of the conceptual and formal questions raised in Lewitt and Eisenmans works. The work is based on a formal exploration of a nine-square grid. This exploration is structured on a combinatory series of objects based on an adapted menger spongeprinciple (Fig. 1)6. Instead of removing the central cube of each nine square grid in each step as in the original menger sponge, the project removes a different number of cubes in every iteration. This logic can be explored in different ways. Fig. 2 describes a transformative series based on three iterations where the first iteration removes two cubes, the next four and the last one. In this case it is possible to remove four cubes in 12 diffe rent ways from the nine-square grid (with the precondition that the variations are limited to those that are symmetrical along a vertical axis). This produces a series of 12 different solid objects (Fig. 3) that unfolds the possible variations. This series is then in turn one of a series of the six possible ways the three iterative levels can be combined (1-2-4, 1-4-2, 2-1-4, 2-4-1, 4-1-2 and 4-2-1) resulting in 72 different objects (see Figs. 4-6 for examples).It is using the didactic approach of Lewitt where the formative logic is immediately accessible and readable. Instead of Peter Eisenmans critical dissection of the formal syntax of modernist architecture or Lewitts exploration of the concept as artistic motor it attempts to explore the proliferation of formal organisations made possible by systematised processes. The resulting objects are just as purposeless as Lewitts sculptures. But at the same time the cubic shapes and hierarchically nested geometries hopefully hint at ar chitectural or perhaps rather protoarchitectural potentials.-CASE STUDIESPeter Eisenman You would be better qualified to answer that question than I would. The energy of Terragni permeated my early work suffer I is certainly Terragni, but House II is much more influenced by, say, Rosalind Krausss writing on contemporary art at the time and the idea of sculpture in the spread out field and the work of minimalist sculptors Robert Morris and Sol LeWitt. By House II, Krauss and I were working closely-she eventually wrote Notes on the Index in October 3 and 4, which became key to House IV.The Wexner Center at Ohio StateUniversity by Peter Eisenman is an exam-ple of a building that exhibits characteris-tics motivated by the framework of thekit-of- move problem. It is a spatially com-plex building that discounts the materialfacts of the architecture except as they serve as signs. The richly overlappingspaces, whether implied by frames orplanes, are all defined by painted gypsumboard and off-the-shelf acoustic ceilingsystems. Brick is selectively deployed to al-lude to pre-existing buildings on the site(in a series of faux ruins), but not for itsmaterial qualities and uses. The programcontent of the building is not the driver of design development the form of thebuilding is instead a result of the selectivemapping of physical forces on the site,resulting in an itinerary that is choreo-graphed both outside and inside the build-ing. The overlap of competing spatialsystems is generated by two axes that existon the campus the program/content andthe constructional logic play relatively mi-nor roles in the design. maybe it is therelative disregard for the quality of thebuilding materials and details that makesthe Wexner Center so decidedly postmod-ern in character today.Whether the underlying motiSeriesSerial compositions are multipart pieces with regulated changes. The differences between the parts are the subject of the composition. If some parts remain constant it is to punctuate the changes.22 Sol LeWittThe primary method of communicating the concept in Sol LeWitts work is the use of series. By presenting objects in series, any difference between the objects immediately becomes the focus of the piece. If three forms are equal in all aspects, with the exception of height, the viewer automatically assumes that the height is the focus.Works in series can really only be appreciated when viewed together as a series. A direct application within architecture therefore would most naturally happen with a group of buildings in close proximity. This may be on the eggshell of a college campus, a business park, or several small structures on a residential lot. The difficulty is that most architecture is developed on the innovation of a single building at a time. Where more than one building is employed the scale of projects may make it difficult to discern the variations. It may be necessary to introduce smaller scale elements, such a building details, wh ich provide clues about the larger moves within the grouping.

The Theory Of Collective Security In The Un International Law Essay

The Theory Of Collective security measures In The Un International Law analyseAfter it had been established in 1945, when World War II came to an end, the unite Nation (UN) adopted the notion of corporate gage as a credentials arrangement. This arrangement was to fancy that every(prenominal) last(predicate) of the states under the shadow of the United Nations Organization would cooperate corporally to provide security for mavin another.However, to a great extent, the structure and practice of the UN both(prenominal)times sways from the theory of collective security. In this turn over, this essay pass on first provide a definition of collective security. Subsequently, a thorough digest will be attached of the extent that the UN has been adopting the theory of collective security.According to Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, The Dictionary of World Politics (Hemel Hempstead, 1990), the theory of collective security is a theory in international relations. According to them nations achieve security from attack by collective soldiers agreements of all nations with each other to join forces against each aggressor. They believe that it is an alternative to balance of power1. What is meant by balance of power here is that parity of power between nations is contri scarcelying to pa intake, since it hold backs any one nation from being involved in war with another. As a result, weak nations may be supporting common stability by arming, but the strong nations possibly destabilize balance by going on arming. Furthermore, in its research titled Conflict Research Consortium, the University of Colorado, USA defines collective security as a type of coalition building strategy where each country agrees not to attack other countries and to defend them against any other come-at-able attacks. The principal line of reasoning is that an attack against one, is an attack against all.2. Collective security theory is different from collective defense which means a coalition of nations which produce contracts to protect its own group from outside attacks. Examples of collective defense ar NATO and the Warsaw Pact. On the other hand the UN is an attempt at collective security. Advocators of collective security believe that it is more effective way to security than individual countries trying to act alone, as weaker countries footnot possibly defend themselves3. Although collective security arrangements are designed to aid international cooperation, security is not provided by the United Nations Organization for all its members. When United Nations laws are breached, powerful countries are not unceasingly judged the same way as weaker countries.On the other hand, some other scholars and diplomats believe that the security concept is misguided. In other words, it is bewildered beca put on it is sometimes misapply and even confused with other concepts such as mutual security agreements among the members of alliance such as NATO countries. Th us, practices are not subjected to the United Nations regulations. Not besides this, sometimes cooperative security is applied by invading other countries, occupying lands, destroying economy and property and kill peck. Thus, it becomes military alliance which leads to military confrontations and accordingly endangers repose and transfers the meaning of collective security to be an aggressive coalition.The position of the UN is activated by the Security Council which responds to the requirements of the members of the United Nations in voting and making decisions. The United Nations Security Council consists of 15 members five permanent ones and ten temporary ones with two-years terms. The permanent countries are the USA, the UK, France, Russia and China. In theory, the task of these countries includes applying the theory of collective security when on that point are acclivitous issues. For example, under Chapter Six of the UN Charter, Pacific Settlement of Disputes4, the Secu rity Council is entitled to investigate disputes and all other situations which may lead to such disputes. Thus, the Security Council may pick out for appropriate procedures in order to keep peace and settlement using all realizable ways such as collective security procedures. These decisions can single be made by the consent of at least 9 out of the 15 members of the Security Council members and none of the five permanent members should objective lens or vote against such decisions.Furthermore, it is supposed that the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a principal organ of the UN should be charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Thus, it should use its powers, according to the United Nations Charter, to establish peacekeeping operations and might be obliged to also establish international sanctions in addition to the liberty of military action. However, such powers should only be exercised through United Nations Security Council Resolutions. Fo r example, under Chapter Seven, the Council has enough authorities to decide what procedures should be taken in eccentric there are some situations where there are threats to peace, breaching peace or some acts of aggression against peace, people or countries. In this case, the Security Council has the power to use armed force in order to keep or restore peace and collective security. Examples of these measures were when there was an armed action by the UN in Korea in 1959 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in the year 1991 when Kuwait was liberated from Iraqi Forces.Moreover, the UNs role in international collective security is illustrated by the UN Charter. According to this charter, the Security Council is given the power to consider any situation which threatens international peace. The Security Council can also advise some procedures for peaceful resolution of any dispute. In addition, the Security Council can ask other member nations to t otally or partially break off scotch relations, sea, air, postal, and radio communications, and even diplomatic relations with any country against whom a decision is taken by the Security Council. Additionally, The Security Council can also use military force if it is deemed as necessary. However, it is sometimes possible to manage and avoid conflicts, by keeping the focus on cooperation5.Despite what has been mentioned above in regard to the adaptation of the Security Council resolutions and the theory of collective security, member states of the UN and also members of the Security Council have from time to time breached laws and regulations, hence undermining the theory of collective security.Although the United States of the States is the sponsor and host of the United Nations Organization, it is the first deviator from its laws including the breach of collective security. According to the UN charter Article 24, in discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accor dance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII6. Yet, despite the absence of UN approval, U.S. military forces began invading Iraq from the Kuwaiti borders on the 20th of March, 2003. There was no unified support by the UN to attack Iraq and the Security Council was divided on the decision however, undermining the theory of collective security, the USA aboard with the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and brought down the regime of Saddam Hussein in 21 days of major combat operations. With hindsight it became evident that the justifications used for the war were invalid and were only used to try and legalize the war. The Bush administration, backed by the support of Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister announced the presence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. The Bush administrations general justification for th e invasion of Iraq was presented by the US Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations Security Council on the 5th of February, 2003, when he said We love that Saddam Hussein is determined to keep his weapons of mass destruction hes determined to make more. Given Saddam Husseins history of aggression given what we know of his terrorist associations and given his determination to exact revenge on those who oppose him, should we take the risk that he will not some day use these weapons at a time and the place and in the manner of his choosing at a time when the population is in a much weaker position to respond? The United States will not and cannot run that risk to the American people. Leaving Saddam Hussein in possession of weapons of mass destruction for a few more months or years is not an option, not in a post-September 11 world7. According to Blair, the cause was Iraqs failure to take a final opportunity to demilitarise itself of nu exempt, chemical, and biological weapons that USA and UK asked its government and president to do immediately in order to keep peace and not threaten world peace8. ii major forces in the world misused power and the notion of collective security and as a result the country was disastrously shattered, resources exploited with a high price of large losses of civilian lives. It became evident that Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destructionThere are many other examples of breaching the collective security theory applications and objectives by wrong policies and practices of the United Nations members. For example, the USA invaded Panama in December 1989. Some justifications were given for such invasion like safeguarding the lives of the U.S. citizens in Panama, defending democracy and human rights in Panama, combating drug trafficking and protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties9. However with hindsight it became clear that the justifications were not enough to support the invasion and it was a cl ear breaching of collective security theory. Other examples of the limitations of collective security also comprises the Falklands War, when Argentina invaded the islands although they were considered British. However, there were many UN members who stayed out of the issue, as such an issue did not presently concern them10.The role of the UN and collective security in general is also evolving given the rise of inner(a) state conflicts since the end of WWII there have been 111 military conflicts world wide, but only 9 of which have involved two or more states going to war with one another. The remainder has either been internal civil wars or civil wars where other nations intervened in some manner. This means that collective security may have to evolve towards providing a means to ensure stability and a fair international resolution to internal conflicts. Whether this will involve more powerful peacekeeping forces or a larger role for the UN diplomatically, it will likely be judged from a case to case basis.Since the establishment of the UN in 1945, the Middle East has seen the negative consequences of breaching the agreements and arrangements set by the UN. Supported by the USA and some other Western Regimes, Israel has been breaching such laws. Since the voting of the existence of Israel in 1948 by some members of the United Nations, Israel has been continuously undermining recommendations and resolutions of the UN. For example, in 1967 it occupied territories from Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, killing civilians, creating unrest and destroying properties. In this regard, the worst misuse of the UN Security Council Rights has been utilized by USA. When it comes to sentenceing the illegal actions of Israel, the U.S. uses the right of veto against any resolution which may condemn Israeli actions.Moreover, one of the latest collective security resolutions made by the UN Security Council adopted a sanctions resolution on Iran although there were two votes against and there was one abstention. According to the voters the ban was on Iranian certain nuclear and missile investment abroad11.To sum up, the theory of collective security implies a security arrangement among which all members of the United Nations share to provide security shadowed by the UN resolutions to keep world peace using all possible approved ways including sanctions and force.Four basic principles of collective security should be adopted by the UN members. First one is that every state should have all relevant arrangements for which it should be committed. Second, when it comes to collective security, the power of using the veto to block any relevant decision should be very limited. Third, sanctions should not harm the people of the country on which they applied and should not harm other countries which apply them especially economically. Fourth, collective security should safeguard the world peace and the security of every country. However, deviations from such principle have been made by many members of the United Nations, mainly the USA. When it comes to condemn the illegitimate actions of one of its allies because such actions threaten the world peace and justice, the USA uses the veto to block any sanction or penalty. Finally, economic sanctions which are supposed to serve collective security often negatively affect the lives of the people of the country on which such sanctions are applied and not the governments which have enough to fulfill their needs. Collective security is abused by some representatives of nations which call for peace, justice, prosperity and happiness. Although it looks very ideal and great in essence, it is evident that member states of the UN have departed from the theory of collective security to a great extent, especially when their national interests are at stake thus undermining not only the theory of collective security but also the UN geological formation itself.

Cooperative Education Opens Doors for Students :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Cooperative Education Opens Doors for StudentsAs the college application deadline draws nearer, high school seniors across the country will make their final decisions as to what handful of colleges and universities will receive the applications they rigorously spent their autumn weekends working on.Each year students consult different college prep tools to aid them with their continual try for the right school. Whether it city versus suburban, large versus small or public versus private high school seniors today sustain a schmorgous board of options for furthering their education. However, a dilute in education that is growing more popular in recent years, perhaps most notably at Northeastern University, is cooperative education. Northeastern was stratified 1 in 2003 among institutions that require students to combine classroom learning with real-world experience by U.S. News and World Report.Cooperative education, more commonly known as co-op, is emerging as a poplar way to stay ahead of the competition while in college. Started in 1909, one of the first co-op programs in the United States, Northeastern has a unique program that alternates periods of classroom learning with period of real world working experience proscribedside the classroom. Students work intact time in fields that are related to their future education pursuits and these are usually paid ancestrys. The co-op job allows the student to try out various jobs while still an undergraduate. The typical Northeastern student graduates with as much as two years of on-the-job experience already on his resume.Katie McDonald, 19, a sophomore at Northeastern is currently going through the process of beginning co-op. McDonald, who is a nursing major, will start her first job this January at Brigham and Womens Hospital.At first I was shocked at the whole process of interviewing and finding a job. Freshman year I looked precedent to it, but once it came I was a little overwhelmed. Once I got started w ith it though, I found the process relatively easy. Now that I have interviewed and have a job I am really excited to begin, said McDonald. Although students arent guaranteed a job every co-op period, known among students as No-op, in that respect are faculty advisors who stay in close contact with employers to develop and maintain interesting salaried positions. Finding a co-op job, similar to some(prenominal) competitive job hunt, depends upon the candidates qualifications as compared with others, the current needs of the organization, the specific demands of the position and the job market in general.

The Black Cat Essay -- essays research papers

The Black Cat, by Edgar Allan PoeThe Black Cat, a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, is about a man who is in jail confessing to murdering his wife. He starts of by stating that he was happily married to a nice beautiful woman, and the couple had many animals. Among those animals was a black cat named Pluto and this cat is the bank clerks favorite animal. The cat and the narrator established a great relationship and are almost inseparable. The narrator soon becomes an alcoholic and one daytime he returns from a town bar well intoxicated and tries to pet the cat. The cat tries to avoid him in fear of violence and when the man grabs the cat, it bites him in the hand. extinct of fury, the narrator cuts out one of his eyes. The next day the man realizes what he did and ...